Alexandrite is one of the most captivating and enigmatic gemstones in the world of jewelry and gemology. As the modern June birthstone, it is celebrated for its extraordinary ability to change color under different lighting conditions—a phenomenon known as color change. This rare gemstone has a rich history, unique geological properties, and significant cultural symbolism. It was first discovered in the 19th century in the Ural Mountains of Russia and has since become a symbol of rarity and prestige.
In this article, we will explore the origins of alexandrite, its geological formation, its gemological properties, and its cultural and historical significance. We will also examine the current sources of alexandrite and how to care for this rare gemstone to preserve its beauty.
History and Lore
Alexandrite has a fascinating and storied history that begins in the 19th century. The gemstone was first discovered in the emerald mines of the Ural Mountains in Russia in 1834. According to legend, the discovery coincided with the 16th birthday of the future Czar Alexander II. In honor of this event, the gemstone was named after him. This connection to Russian royalty quickly elevated the gemstone’s status, and it became a symbol of national pride.
The discovery of alexandrite was initially mistaken for emerald due to its striking green color in daylight. It was a Finnish mineralogist, Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld, who first recognized the true nature of the gem. During a campfire, he observed the stone glowing a deep red, which was a stark contrast to its green appearance during the day. This remarkable color change was the first of its kind to be documented and led to the gemstone’s unique classification as a color-change gem.
Russian alexandrite quickly became a favorite among the aristocracy. Alexander II himself was said to wear an alexandrite ring as a personal talisman. The gemstone’s colors—green and red—mirrored the colors of the Russian military, further cementing its status as a national symbol.
The gemstone’s rarity and the mystique of its color change made it a highly sought-after treasure. However, by the late 19th century, the Russian mines were nearly exhausted. It wasn’t until the 1980s that new deposits were discovered in Brazil, followed by additional sources in Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, and other regions. Despite these new discoveries, the rarity of alexandrite with a strong color change remains unparalleled.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. It is formed through a complex geological process that involves the combination of specific elements under the right conditions. The color change in alexandrite is due to trace amounts of chromium or vanadium within the chrysoberyl crystal structure. This element causes the gemstone to exhibit different colors under different lighting conditions.
Under daylight or fluorescent light, alexandrite appears green to bluish-green, while under incandescent light, it shifts to a red or purplish hue. This phenomenon, known as pleochroism, is one of the most striking characteristics of alexandrite. The strength of the color change is a key factor in determining the gemstone’s value, with the most vivid changes being the most prized.
The original deposits of alexandrite were found in the Ural Mountains of Russia. These deposits were the only known source of the gemstone until the late 20th century. By the 1890s, the Russian mines had become nearly depleted, and the gemstone became extremely rare. In 1987, new deposits were discovered in Brazil, followed by additional finds in Sri Lanka, India, Madagascar, Zimbabwe, and other parts of Africa. However, the color change in stones from these new sources is generally less vivid than in the original Russian material.
The formation of alexandrite requires a specific set of geological conditions, including the presence of chromium or vanadium, as well as the right temperature and pressure. These conditions are extremely rare, which is why alexandrite remains one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is known for its exceptional hardness and durability, making it suitable for use in fine jewelry. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, alexandrite ranks at 8.5. This places it between sapphire (9) and garnet (6.5–7.5), making it a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is still softer than some of the hardest gemstones, such as diamond and corundum (sapphire and ruby), and should be handled with care to avoid scratches or damage.
The chemical composition of alexandrite is Al₂BeO₄, which is the same as the mineral chrysoberyl. The presence of chromium or vanadium in the crystal structure is what causes the gemstone’s remarkable color change. The intensity of this color change is influenced by the concentration of these elements and the clarity of the stone.
Clarity in alexandrite is also a key factor in determining its value. The most valuable stones are those that are free of inclusions and exhibit a strong color change. However, due to the rarity of alexandrite, even stones with minor inclusions can command high prices, especially if they display a vivid color change.
Alexandrite is typically cut into faceted shapes to enhance its brilliance and to maximize the effect of its color change. The most common cuts include the round brilliant, emerald cut, and cushion cut. These cuts are chosen for their ability to reflect light and to showcase the gemstone’s unique color change.
In terms of weight, alexandrite is typically available in sizes up to 5 carats. Stones larger than this are extremely rare and highly valuable. The largest and most valuable alexandrites are those with a strong color change and minimal inclusions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, alexandrite has been associated with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In Russian culture, it was considered a symbol of good fortune and a protective talisman. Alexander II was said to wear an alexandrite ring as a personal amulet, believing it to bring him strength and success.
In modern metaphysical beliefs, alexandrite is often associated with balance, transformation, and adaptability. The gemstone’s ability to change color is seen as a metaphor for personal growth and the ability to navigate life’s changes with grace and resilience. Some believe that alexandrite can help individuals remain calm and composed in times of stress or uncertainty.
Alexandrite is also associated with love and passion. The gemstone’s color change from green to red is seen as a symbol of the different expressions of love. Green is often associated with growth and renewal, while red is linked to passion and intensity. This duality is thought to make alexandrite a powerful symbol of enduring love and emotional depth.
In some cultures, alexandrite is also believed to have protective properties. It is said to guard the wearer from negative energies and to promote a sense of inner strength and confidence. Some people also believe that alexandrite can enhance one’s ability to communicate effectively and to express emotions with clarity and honesty.
While these metaphysical beliefs are not supported by scientific evidence, they continue to play a significant role in the cultural and historical significance of alexandrite. For many people, the gemstone’s unique properties and rich symbolism make it a meaningful and treasured gemstone.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively high hardness, alexandrite is a durable gemstone that can be worn daily in jewelry. However, it is still important to handle it with care to prevent scratches and other damage. Alexandrite can be scratched by harder materials, such as diamond or corundum, so it should be stored separately from these gemstones.
When cleaning alexandrite, it is best to use a soft, lint-free cloth and warm, soapy water. A gentle brush can be used to remove dirt from the surface of the gemstone, but harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. These can potentially damage the gemstone or any surrounding jewelry settings.
It is also important to avoid exposing alexandrite to extreme temperatures or sudden temperature changes. This can cause the gemstone to crack or become damaged. When storing alexandrite, it should be kept in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
When wearing alexandrite, it is best to avoid activities that could cause impact or abrasion to the gemstone. While it is relatively durable, it is still softer than some of the hardest gemstones and can be damaged if not handled with care. Regular inspection of alexandrite jewelry for loose settings or signs of wear is also recommended to ensure the gemstone remains secure and in good condition.
Conclusion
Alexandrite is a truly unique and captivating gemstone that has captured the imagination of jewelers, collectors, and gem enthusiasts for centuries. Its remarkable color change, historical significance, and symbolic meanings make it one of the most fascinating gemstones in the world. As the modern June birthstone, it continues to be a symbol of rarity, prestige, and personal significance.
From its discovery in the Ural Mountains of Russia to its current sources in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and other regions, alexandrite remains one of the most sought-after gemstones. Its geological properties, including its hardness, chemical composition, and unique color change, make it a valuable and enduring treasure. Whether worn as a personal talisman, a symbol of love, or simply as a stunning piece of jewelry, alexandrite continues to be cherished for its beauty and mystique.
For those born in June, alexandrite is a rare and meaningful choice that offers a glimpse into the fascinating world of gemology and history. Its enigmatic nature and deep symbolism make it a gemstone that is as intriguing as it is beautiful.