Opal, the mesmerizing gemstone celebrated for its play of color, holds a unique place in the world of gems. Traditionally recognized as the birthstone for October, alongside pink tourmaline, it has captivated humanity for centuries with its ethereal beauty. However, a persistent superstition claims that wearing opal brings misfortune to those not born in October. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of opal, exploring the origins of this enduring myth and separating fact from fiction.
History and Lore
The history of opal stretches back millennia, with evidence of its appreciation dating to ancient times. The name “opal” is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word “upala,” meaning “precious stone,” a testament to its early high regard. As far back as 250 BC, opal was considered more valuable than any other gem on Earth. Ancient Romans and Greeks also prized opal, equating its beauty to that of diamonds.
However, the gemstone’s reputation has not always been positive. While revered by some cultures, others associated it with misfortune. The Tsars, for example, reportedly avoided opal, believing it embodied the evil eye. This duality in perception has contributed to the complex lore surrounding the stone.
The modern association of bad luck with opals appears to be a relatively recent development, gaining traction in the 19th century. A pivotal moment in shaping this superstition was the publication of Sir Walter Scott’s novel Anne of Geierstein in 1829. The story features a character, Hermione, whose opal reflects her moods, shining with different colors depending on her emotions. Upon her death, the opal loses its brilliance, becoming dull and colorless. This fictional narrative significantly impacted public perception, linking the gemstone to tragedy and misfortune.
Further solidifying this belief, a story circulated regarding a christening where a drop of holy water extinguished the fire within an opal, leading to the death of the child. These tales, combined with the gem’s delicate nature – gem cutters often hesitate to work with opal due to its fragility – fueled the superstition that opals were unlucky for those not born in October.
In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers revised the official birthstone list, replacing opal with tourmaline as the primary October birthstone. This decision, however, was largely driven by marketing considerations, aiming to promote transparent gems over the often opaque and iridescent opal. Despite this change, the myth of opal’s bad luck persisted.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is unique among gemstones in its formation. Unlike crystalline gems, opal is amorphous, meaning it lacks a defined crystal structure. It is composed of hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O), essentially microscopic spheres of silica gel that trap water. The play of color, opal’s most distinctive characteristic, is created by the diffraction of light as it passes through these silica spheres.
The formation of opal typically occurs in sedimentary environments, often within fissures and cavities of volcanic rocks. Hot silica-rich water percolates through these spaces, depositing the silica gel over long periods. As the water evaporates, the silica spheres remain, forming opal.
The sources of opal are geographically concentrated. While opal has been found in various locations worldwide, Australia is by far the most significant producer, accounting for the vast majority of the world’s supply. Specific regions within Australia, such as Coober Pedy, Lightning Ridge, and Mintabie, are renowned for producing opals of exceptional quality and color. Other notable sources include Ethiopia, Mexico, and the United States (Nevada and Idaho).
Gemological Properties
Opal’s gemological properties contribute to its unique appeal and also explain its relative fragility.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Crystal System | Amorphous |
| Specific Gravity | 1.88 - 2.45 |
| Refractive Index | 1.39 - 1.46 |
| Chemical Formula | SiO2·nH2O |
| Composition | Hydrated Silica |
| Mohs Hardness | 5.5 - 6.5 |
As indicated in the table, opal’s hardness ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. This relatively low hardness makes it susceptible to scratches and abrasions, requiring careful handling and protection. The presence of water within its structure also makes opal sensitive to extreme temperatures and dehydration, which can lead to “crazing” – the formation of tiny cracks that diminish its brilliance and color.
The play of color is the most important factor in determining an opal’s value. This phenomenon is categorized into several types, including white opal (with a milky background), black opal (with a dark background), and fire opal (with a reddish-orange body color). Black opal, particularly those with vibrant and diverse color patterns, are the most valuable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, opal has been imbued with various symbolic meanings. In ancient times, it was associated with hope, purity, and truth. Romans considered it a symbol of love and passion. However, the Victorian era saw a shift in perception, with the gemstone becoming linked to misfortune and heartbreak, largely due to the influence of literature and the aforementioned superstitions.
Despite the negative associations, some cultures continue to view opal as a positive and powerful stone. In astrology, opal is considered beneficial when worn correctly, enhancing Venusian energy and bringing positivity. It is believed to be particularly compatible with diamonds, moonstone, and pearls, but should be avoided alongside ruby, yellow sapphire, and red coral.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its delicate nature, opal requires special care to maintain its beauty. The gemstone’s moisture content makes it susceptible to damage from heat and dehydration. Therefore, it should never be exposed to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight for prolonged periods.
Cleaning opal is best done with a soft, lint-free cloth dampened with lukewarm, soapy water. Avoid immersing opal in water, as this can lead to dehydration. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should also be avoided. If an opal appears to be losing its moisture, wrapping it in moist cotton wool and placing it in an airtight bag for a short period can help restore its hydration, but regular monitoring is essential.
Like all gemstones, opal should be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratches. Harsh chemicals, such as cleaning products, lotions, and perfumes, should also be avoided, as they can damage the stone’s surface.
Conclusion
Opal, a gemstone of captivating beauty and complex history, has been both revered and feared throughout the ages. While a persistent myth claims it brings bad luck to those not born in October, this belief is largely rooted in Victorian-era literature and marketing strategies. The gemstone’s unique geological formation, delicate physical properties, and mesmerizing play of color continue to fascinate gem enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Understanding its history, proper care, and the origins of the surrounding lore allows for a deeper appreciation of this truly remarkable gem.