December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by having not one, but four official birthstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each gem possesses a distinct color, history, and symbolic meaning, making December an extraordinary month for gemstone enthusiasts. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these December birthstones, exploring their historical use, geological origins, gemological properties, and associated symbolism.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient civilizations, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where gems were believed to possess mystical and healing properties. Birthstones were thought to enhance an individual’s attributes and bring good fortune. While the concept evolved over time, the practice of wearing gemstones linked to one’s birth month has persisted for thousands of years.
Turquoise and Zircon have long been recognized as traditional December birthstones, representing the cool, blue tones of the winter season. Turquoise, in particular, boasts one of the oldest histories of any birthstone. More recently, Tanzanite and Blue Topaz have been added as modern alternatives, expanding the choices available to those born in December. The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December offers a variety of options in terms of color, price, and personal meaning, catering to diverse tastes and histories. The practice of having multiple birthstones for a single month is not unique to December, as some months also offer a selection of gems to choose from.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones vary significantly. Turquoise is formed in relatively shallow subsurface environments, often in arid regions, where copper-rich groundwater interacts with phosphate-bearing rocks. It is found in association with copper deposits. Notable sources include the southwestern United States, Iran, and China.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic environments. It is found in a wide range of geological settings, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is found exclusively in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a geographically unique gemstone. Its formation is linked to the complex geological processes associated with the East African Rift Valley.
Blue Topaz, while topaz itself can be found in various locations, the blue variety is often created through irradiation and heat treatment of colorless topaz. Natural blue topaz is rare. Topaz forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and significant deposits are found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones exhibits unique gemological properties.
Turquoise: This opaque gemstone is known for its distinctive blue-green color, caused by the presence of copper. Its hardness on the Mohs scale ranges from 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching.
Zircon: Zircon displays a remarkable brilliance and fire, often mistaken for diamond. It boasts a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and occurs in a rainbow of colors, though the blue variety is particularly associated with December.
Tanzanite: This gemstone is prized for its unique pleochroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle – typically blue, violet, and burgundy. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Blue Topaz: With a Mohs hardness of 8, Blue Topaz is a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a vitreous luster and is known for its clear, sky-blue to deep London Blue shades.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue-Green | Waxy |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Colorless, Blue, Brown, etc. | Adamantine |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6-7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | Vitreous |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | 8 | Blue | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, symbolizing good fortune and warding off negative energy. It has been used in jewelry and amulets for centuries, particularly by Native American cultures.
Zircon is associated with wisdom, prosperity, and honor. Its historical significance stems from its ancient origins and its ability to refract light, creating a dazzling display.
Tanzanite is believed to promote transformation and spiritual awareness. Its relatively recent discovery has led to its association with new beginnings and positive change.
Blue Topaz symbolizes calmness, love, and fidelity. It is often given as a gift to express affection and commitment. Historically, topaz was associated with strength and protection.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Zircon, with its good hardness, is more durable but should still be protected from impacts. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, so it should be cleaned with lukewarm water and a mild detergent. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
Blue Topaz is durable enough for everyday wear, but it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners. Cleaning can be done with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon – offer a diverse range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient protective qualities of Turquoise to the modern brilliance of Blue Topaz, each gemstone holds a unique appeal. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. The variety available ensures that anyone born in December can find a gemstone that resonates with their personality and style.