Throughout history, gemstones have captivated humanity, valued not only for their beauty but also for the symbolic meanings and perceived powers attributed to them. The concept of birthstones – specific gems associated with each month of the year – is a tradition steeped in ancient lore and evolving cultural practices. While modern lists are relatively standardized, the origins of these associations are complex, drawing from biblical texts, astrological beliefs, and historical trade routes. This article will explore the history, origins, and significance of several birthstones, drawing upon available information to illuminate the enduring appeal of these remarkable minerals.
The Origins of Birthstone Tradition
The practice of associating gemstones with specific months, or with individuals based on their astrological sign, dates back millennia. Early examples can be found in the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel, often linked to the months of the year. These stones – including ruby, emerald, and turquoise – were believed to possess unique properties and were incorporated into the High Priest’s breastplate.
The tradition continued to evolve through ancient and medieval times, with astrologers assigning gemstones to planets and constellations, believing that these gems reflected the energies of the heavens. These early “zodiac stones” were often considered interchangeable with birthstones, and the connection between personal identity and gemstone symbolism became increasingly prominent. The act of wearing jewelry crafted from these stones was thought to harness their power, offering protection, good health, and even influencing one’s destiny. The very act of adorning oneself with these materials, even common objects like shells, is presented as a defining characteristic of humanity.
Ruby: The July Birthstone
The ruby, a variety of the mineral corundum, holds a prominent place in gemstone history and is recognized as the birthstone for July, alongside Onyx. Historically, rubies were highly prized, particularly in India, where they were worn by royalty as symbols of status and good health. Ancient beliefs attributed protective qualities to rubies, with some believing they could ward off evil spirits. Beyond symbolism, rubies even found practical applications; sources suggest they were fashioned into bullets for blowguns. A curious, though less substantiated, claim indicates that grinding a ruby and consuming it could cure indigestion.
Rubies typically exhibit a red hue, though variations with purple tints are also observed. The most valuable rubies are those with the deepest, purest red coloration. These gems are mined in various locations worldwide, including India, the United States, and parts of the Middle East.
Peridot: The August Birthstone
Peridot, a gem known for its distinctive olive-green color, is the birthstone associated with August. Its history stretches back over 1,500 years before Christ, with evidence of mining operations dating back to that period. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, believing it possessed the power to ward off evil spirits. When mounted in gold, it was thought to protect against nightmares.
Interestingly, peridot is unique in its consistent coloration; it is always lime green, sometimes with a slight yellow tint. The largest known peridot crystal weighed 310 carats and is currently housed in the Smithsonian Institution. While historically mined in Egypt, modern peridot sources include the United States, Africa, the Middle East, and South America.
Turquoise: The December Birthstone
Turquoise, a vibrant blue-to-green mineral, is the official birthstone for December. Its name originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” although some believe it derives from the Persian word “fiouze,” also referring to the turquoise color.
Mining of turquoise dates back to at least 6000 B.C. in ancient Egypt. Despite its name, the finest turquoise specimens are not found in Turkey, but rather in Iran. Significant deposits are also located in the American Southwest, specifically in New Mexico and Arizona, as well as Afghanistan, Australia, and other parts of the Middle East.
Diamond: The April Birthstone
Diamond, renowned for its exceptional hardness and brilliance, is the birthstone for April. It is considered the most durable of all gemstones, registering a 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. Its enduring beauty has made it the traditional choice for engagement rings in Western cultures.
Historically, diamonds were associated with the planet Jupiter in Western traditions, while Hindu beliefs linked them to Venus, symbolizing love. The clarity of the diamond has long been interpreted as a symbol of purity. In ancient times, diamonds were used medicinally, but access to them was restricted to wealthy royalty and religious leaders.
Emerald: The May Birthstone
Emerald, a vibrant green gemstone, is the birthstone for May. It is often referred to as the “stone of joy and vitality” and was historically associated with fertility and rebirth. The bright green color of the emerald symbolizes new life, making it particularly fitting for the spring season.
Emeralds are rarely flawless; their internal inclusions, known as “jardins” (French for gardens), are considered to add character and uniqueness to each stone. Medieval medicine attributed healing properties to emeralds, believing they could cure headaches, epilepsy, and rejuvenate the spirit.
Beyond Monthly Associations: Zodiac and Day-of-the-Week Stones
The association of gemstones extends beyond monthly birthstones. Ancient and medieval astrologers assigned gems to planets, believing they reflected celestial energies. These “zodiac birthstones” were often semi-precious gems, while standard birthstones included more precious varieties.
Furthermore, a tradition exists of selecting gemstones based on the day of the week, each day linked to a specific stone believed to absorb planetary energies:
- Sunday: Gold Topaz
- Monday: Moonstone or Pearl
- Tuesday: Ruby or Garnet
- Wednesday: Turquoise, Sapphire, or Lapis Lazuli
- Thursday: Amethyst
- Friday: Emerald
- Saturday: Diamond
Gemological Properties: A Brief Overview
Understanding the physical properties of these birthstones is crucial for appreciation and care. The Mohs hardness scale, a measure of a mineral’s resistance to scratching, provides valuable insight. Diamond, with a hardness of 10, is the most durable, while turquoise, with a hardness of 7.5-8, is relatively softer. Emerald falls in the range of 7.5-8 as well. Peridot also measures between 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale.
| Gemstone | Color | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|---|
| Ruby | Red | (Not Specified) |
| Peridot | Pale Blue | 7.5-8 |
| Turquoise | Blue-to-Green | 7.5-8 |
| Diamond | Clear | 10 |
| Emerald | Green | 7.5-8 |
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these gemstones. Given their varying hardness levels, different approaches are required. Diamonds, being the hardest, are relatively resistant to scratching but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Emeralds, while beautiful, are more prone to chipping and should be handled with care. Turquoise, being somewhat porous, can be affected by oils and chemicals and requires gentle cleaning with mild soap and water.
Conclusion
The world of birthstones is a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From the ancient associations with astrological signs and biblical texts to the modern standardized lists, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the human imagination. Whether chosen for their symbolic meaning, their aesthetic beauty, or simply their connection to a particular month, birthstones remain a cherished tradition, offering a tangible link to the past and a personal expression of identity. The enduring appeal of these gems lies not only in their inherent beauty but also in the rich tapestry of stories and beliefs that have accumulated around them over millennia.