October boasts the unique distinction of having two recognized birthstones: the iridescent opal and the captivating pink tourmaline. Both gemstones offer a stunning array of colors and a rich history, making them cherished choices for those born in the tenth month. This article will delve into the origins, characteristics, symbolism, and care of these beautiful stones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to learn more about October’s birthstones.
History and Lore
Opal’s history stretches back millennia, originating in India where it was known as “upala,” a Sanskrit term meaning “precious stone.” This name evolved into “opalus” in Ancient Rome. Throughout history, opal has been imbued with diverse meanings. Ancient Greeks believed opals bestowed the gift of prophecy and protection from disease, while Bedouins considered them to be solidified lightning fallen from the sky during thunderstorms. Europeans long regarded opal as a symbol of purity, hope, and truth, believing it embodied the virtues of all colored stones. The stone was even given to celebrate the 14th wedding anniversary.
Pink tourmaline, while also possessing a long history, gained significant prominence in the late 19th century. The Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi developed a fervent passion for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly the entire output from a California mine. Her devotion continued after her death, as she was buried with a pink tourmaline pillow, and the remainder of her collection was crafted into exquisite carvings.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal’s formation is a fascinating geological process. It arises from a combination of silica and water that flows into cracks and spaces within the earth. Over millions of years, this mixture gradually hardens and solidifies, creating opal. It takes approximately 5 to 6 million years to create just one centimeter of opal. The gemstone is categorized into ordinary opal and precious opal, the latter being prized for its “play-of-color.”
Historically, opal sources included India, serving as the primary origin for stones reaching the Western world. Today, significant opal deposits are found in Australia, Ethiopia, Brazil, and parts of the United States.
Pink tourmaline forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. It occurs naturally and contains a diverse variety of elements, with most jewelry-quality stones consisting primarily of the mineral elbaite. While specific historical mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources beyond the California mine favored by Empress Tzu-Hsi, the sources indicate a wide array of colors and hues are available.
Gemological Properties
Pink tourmaline exhibits a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone, though not as tough as pink sapphire. It displays a breathtaking range of pink hues, from light pink to reddish pink, and can even occur with multiple colors, known as “watermelon tourmaline” – a combination of pink and green. Some crystals exhibit clarity as transparent as diamonds.
Opal, composed of hydrated silica containing 6-10% water, presents a unique gemological profile. It ranges in color from clear through white, gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, magenta, rose, pink, slate, olive, brown, and black. The most rare and valuable opals display red hues against a black background, while white and green varieties are more common. Opal is known for its “play-of-color,” a shifting display of rainbow hues that changes with the light and viewing angle. This phenomenon is what sets opal apart and contributes to its captivating beauty.
Here's a table summarizing the key gemological properties:
| Property | Pink Tourmaline | Opal |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7 - 7.5 | Not specified |
| Composition | Elbaite | Hydrated Silica |
| Water Content | Not specified | 6-10% |
| Color Range | Pink hues, watermelon | Wide range, including red, black, white, green |
| Play-of-Color | No | Yes |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both opal and pink tourmaline are associated with positive symbolism. Pink tourmaline symbolizes friendship, compassion, self-love, and transformation. Opal is often referred to as the “stone of hope” and is believed to be a powerful healing stone, representing great achievement. Historically, opal was believed to embody the virtues and powers of all colored stones.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness, pink tourmaline is relatively durable and can withstand everyday wear. However, as with all gemstones, it’s advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended.
Opal, being composed of hydrated silica, requires more delicate care. It is susceptible to cracking or crazing if exposed to extreme temperatures or dehydration. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and lukewarm water.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, opal and pink tourmaline, represent a beautiful duality of color, history, and symbolism. Opal, with its iridescent play-of-color and ancient lore, offers a connection to the past and a sense of wonder. Pink tourmaline, with its captivating hues and association with love and compassion, provides a modern and vibrant choice. Both gemstones are cherished for their unique beauty and continue to captivate jewelry lovers and gemstone enthusiasts alike.