November is unique among the calendar months, possessing not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. This tradition, solidified in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association, offers those born in November a broader spectrum of color and symbolism to choose from. While historically linked, these gemstones possess distinct geological origins and characteristics, each with a rich history and enduring appeal. Both stones are known for their calming energies and association with fortune and warmth, making them cherished additions to any jewelry collection.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months, and thus with astrological signs and inherent qualities, dates back centuries. Early beliefs connected the appearance of certain stars with favorable outcomes for those born under their influence, and wearing specific stones was thought to enhance that fortune. The story of birthstones evolved over time, with various cultures attributing different meanings and powers to different gems.
Topaz boasts a particularly long and storied past. The ancient Greeks believed it bestowed strength upon the wearer, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it a potent ward against magic spells and a calming influence against anger. In India, a long-held belief suggests that wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The very name “topaz” is subject to debate, potentially originating from the Sanskrit word tapas meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos.
Citrine’s history is more intertwined with that of topaz. For centuries, yellow and orange gemstones were often misidentified as topaz. It wasn’t until the 1930s that gemologists clearly distinguished between the two, recognizing them as originating from different mineral sources. This historical confusion contributes to the enduring association between the two as November birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, forming in igneous rocks and often found in alluvial deposits. Significant sources of topaz include Brazil, Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. The gem occurs in a rainbow of colors, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, and brown. The most valuable variety is Imperial topaz, characterized by its rich orange hue with pink undertones. It is important to note that much of the blue topaz available today is created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A coating can also be applied to colorless topaz to create a rainbow effect, known as “Mystic Topaz.”
Citrine, a variety of quartz, derives its yellow to orange hues from iron impurities. It is commonly found in volcanic rocks and geodes. While citrine occurs naturally, much of the citrine on the market is heat-treated amethyst, a process that alters the amethyst’s purple color to a yellow or orange shade. Brazil is a major source of both natural and heat-treated citrine.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine offer appealing gemological properties, contributing to their popularity in jewelry. The following table summarizes key characteristics:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Trigonal |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.49 – 3.57 | 2.65 |
| Refractive Index | 1.606 – 1.627 | 1.543 – 1.553 |
| Color | Colorless, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Pink | Yellow, Orange, Brown |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent |
Topaz, with a Mohs hardness of 8, is a relatively hard gemstone, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, it possesses perfect basal cleavage, meaning it can split along a specific plane, requiring careful handling. Citrine, with a hardness of 7, is also durable but slightly less resistant to scratching than topaz.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Topaz is often associated with love and affection, as well as strength and intellect. Its calming energies are believed to promote emotional stability and dispel negativity.
Citrine, often referred to as the “merchant’s stone,” is believed to attract wealth and prosperity. It is also associated with creativity, optimism, and abundance. Some believe citrine’s energy helps balance Jupiter, a planet associated with luck and expansion, aligning individuals with their creative goals. Turquoise, another November birthstone, is thought to provide protection and promote feelings of self-realization and calm, particularly beneficial for those prone to worry or anxiety. Amethyst, also linked to November through the zodiac signs, is associated with peace and tranquility.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of topaz and citrine is relatively straightforward. Due to topaz’s perfect basal cleavage, avoid harsh impacts or sudden temperature changes. Both gemstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, especially for topaz, as the vibrations can cause damage. Citrine is generally more resilient and can withstand gentle ultrasonic cleaning. It is advisable to remove jewelry containing these gemstones before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or damage.
The Zodiac Connection
November encompasses two zodiac signs: Scorpio (October 23 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). The birthstones associated with these signs extend beyond topaz and citrine to include turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, and aquamarine. This broader range of stones allows for a more personalized connection based on individual astrological preferences. Sagittarians, known for their adventurous and impulsive nature, may particularly benefit from citrine’s ability to balance their expansive energy. Scorpios, often characterized as creative and strategic, may find resonance with the diverse symbolism of the November birthstones.
Modern and Traditional Lists
The birthstone landscape has evolved over time. While the official list originated in 1912 with the American National Retail Jewelers Association, modern additions like spinel and tanzanite offer further choices. The United States often draws from both traditional and modern lists, allowing individuals to select the stones that resonate most with them. Traditional stones, like turquoise, may be more affordable or readily available, while modern options provide a wider range of colors and styles.
Conclusion
November’s dual birthstones, topaz and citrine, represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to modern associations with prosperity and calm, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of those born in the eleventh month. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their perceived metaphysical properties, or their connection to the zodiac, topaz and citrine offer a luminous and meaningful way to celebrate a November birthday.