Peridot, the vibrant green gemstone recognized as the primary birthstone for August, has captivated humans for thousands of years with its unique color and rich history. This article explores peridot in depth, covering its geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and care instructions. As one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color—ranging from pale lime to deep olive—peridot is not only visually striking but also rich in lore and scientific intrigue.
From its origins in volcanic lava and meteorites to its role in ancient Egyptian and medieval European traditions, peridot's journey through history is as fascinating as its glowing color. This article draws on the most reliable and consistent information from the provided sources to provide a comprehensive overview of peridot's significance in gemology and culture.
History and Lore
Peridot has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to around 1500 BCE in ancient Egypt. The gem was known as the “gem of the sun” and was believed to protect against nightmares and bring the wearer confidence, health, and positive energy. Ancient Egyptians sourced peridot from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. This island remained a significant source of peridot until the early 20th century.
Peridot was also mistakenly identified as emerald in various historical contexts. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is decorated with gems that were believed to be emeralds, but are actually peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have also contained peridot.
During the Middle Ages, peridot was highly valued in Europe. It was used by royals and clergy to decorate church altars and clerical robes. The stone's popularity continued through the Victorian era, where it was frequently used in jewelry. Peridot was also traditionally given as a 16th wedding anniversary gift.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. It is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava that carried it from deep within Earth’s mantle. It can also be found in meteorites that traveled from outer space. This extraterrestrial origin makes peridot one of the few gemstones with a connection to the cosmos.
Peridot is relatively common compared to other gemstones, though high-quality specimens are rare. The primary sources of peridot include the United States (particularly Arizona), China, Myanmar, and the Red Sea island of Zabargad. The color of peridot is caused by the presence of iron in its composition, and it remains consistently green under various lighting conditions.
Peridot is not the only gemstone associated with August. Spinels and sardonyx are also recognized as August birthstones, with sardonyx having a history dating back over 4,000 years. Spinels, particularly the red varieties, were often mistaken for rubies until recent times. Sardonyx, a banded form of chalcedony, was valued for its symbolic meanings and was used in amulets, cameos, and seals by ancient Greeks and Romans.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is known for its distinctive yellow-green hue, which can range from pale lime green to a richer olive shade. The color of peridot is caused by the presence of iron in its composition. It is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but not as tough as some other gemstones like diamond or sapphire.
The chemical formula for peridot is (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄, and it is typically found in a glassy, vitreous form. Peridot has a refractive index between 1.65 and 1.70 and is often found in transparent to translucent form. It is often cut into brilliant shapes to enhance its fire and brilliance, though it can also be found in cabochon form.
Peridot is generally free of inclusions, though some specimens may contain minor flaws. The most valuable peridots are those with a deep olive color and high clarity. Peridot is also known for its pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles, although this effect is usually subtle.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Color | Yellow-green to greenish yellow |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 to 7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.70 |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Specific Gravity | 3.30 to 3.38 |
| Cleavage | Conchoidal (no cleavage) |
| Origin | Volcanic lava, meteorites, and metamorphic rocks |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. In ancient Egypt, it was known as the “gem of the sun” and was believed to bring confidence, health, and positive energy. It was also thought to protect against nightmares, a belief that persisted into medieval times.
In medieval Europe, peridot was used by clergy and nobility to symbolize purity and divine light. It was also believed to have healing properties and was used in amulets and talismans. The stone was thought to bring good fortune and was used in jewelry to ward off negative energy.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute additional meanings to peridot. It is believed to promote emotional healing, reduce stress, and enhance self-esteem. Peridot is also thought to attract abundance and prosperity, making it a popular stone for those seeking financial or personal growth.
Sardonyx, another of August’s birthstones, is associated with strength, courage, and protection. It was historically used in amulets, cameos, and seals, particularly by ancient Greeks and Romans who believed it brought victory in battle and enhanced communication skills. Spinels, especially the red varieties, are also believed to bring vitality and energy, though they were often mistaken for rubies in the past.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot requires careful handling due to its relatively low hardness compared to other gemstones. It is important to avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures, as this can cause damage or discoloration. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution, as the vibrations and heat can potentially crack the stone.
The safest way to clean peridot is with warm soapy water and a soft-bristle brush. This method is gentle and effective for removing dirt and debris without risking damage. Peridot should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Spinels are slightly harder than peridot, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making them more durable. However, they should still be cleaned with care and stored separately from abrasive materials. Sardonyx, a banded form of chalcedony, is even harder and more durable than peridot, making it one of the easiest August birthstones to care for.
When wearing peridot jewelry, it is important to avoid activities that could cause physical impact or exposure to harsh chemicals. Removing peridot jewelry before swimming, showering, or applying cosmetics can help preserve its beauty and longevity.
Conclusion
Peridot, the radiant green gemstone recognized as the primary birthstone for August, is a gem with a rich history, fascinating geological properties, and deep cultural significance. From its ancient use in Egypt to its role in medieval Europe, peridot has been cherished for its beauty and symbolic meanings. Its unique color, caused by the presence of iron, makes it one of the few gemstones that occur in only one hue. Peridot is also notable for its extraterrestrial origins, as it can be found in meteorites that traveled from outer space.
While peridot is the primary birthstone for August, the month is also associated with spinel and sardonyx. Spinels, particularly the red varieties, were often mistaken for rubies until recent times, while sardonyx has a history dating back over 4,000 years. Each of these gemstones has its own unique properties and symbolism, making August’s birthstones a diverse and intriguing collection.
Whether chosen for its beauty, its historical significance, or its symbolic meanings, peridot is a gemstone that continues to captivate and inspire. With proper care and appreciation, peridot jewelry can be cherished for generations, preserving its vibrant color and enduring charm.