August is uniquely associated with three gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Among these, peridot is the most widely recognized and celebrated as the modern August birthstone. Known for its vibrant green hues and cosmic origins, peridot carries a rich history, geological intrigue, and deep cultural symbolism. This article explores peridot in depth, drawing on historical, geological, and metaphysical sources to provide a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
We will also touch upon spinel and sardonyx, the other August birthstones, when relevant, and consider how they contribute to the month’s gemstone heritage. The information presented is based on verified sources that align with the gemological and historical data from authoritative and well-documented references.
Introduction
August’s birthstone tradition includes three distinct gems: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Of these, peridot is the most prominent and widely recognized. This gemstone is celebrated for its vivid green color and its unique formation in extreme geological conditions—both on Earth and in space. Historically, peridot has been revered across cultures for its beauty and symbolic power. It has been found in meteorites, volcanic lava flows, and ancient Egyptian jewelry. The gemstone was once mistaken for emerald and topaz, and its use in medieval religious artifacts further attests to its long-standing cultural significance.
In this article, we will explore peridot’s geological properties, historical and cultural lore, modern appreciation, and practical care guidelines. We will also briefly introduce spinel and sardonyx, the other two August birthstones, to give a more complete picture of the gemstone heritage of this month.
History and Lore
Peridot has a rich and ancient history that spans millennia. The gemstone was mined as early as the second century BCE, and its use in jewelry and religious artifacts dates back to ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. Known to the Egyptians as the “gem of the sun,” peridot was believed to possess protective and healing properties. It was used as a talisman to ward off evil spirits and to drive snakes into the sea—beliefs that reflect the gem’s association with light and positivity.
One of the most intriguing aspects of peridot’s history is its connection to the Red Sea island of Topazios, now known as Zabargad. This island was the oldest recorded source of peridot and was mined as early as 340–279 BCE. The name Topazios is believed to have contributed to the name topaz, although the island actually produced peridot, not topaz. The gemstone was so highly valued that the island was sometimes referred to as “Island of Death” or “Ophiodes,” meaning “snake island,” due to the harsh mining conditions.
Peridot was also mistakenly identified as emerald in several historical contexts. For example, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral is adorned with what were once believed to be emeralds, but are now confirmed to be peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually been peridot.
In medieval Europe, peridot was used in priests' jewelry and in chalices and churches. It was also believed to be a protective talisman that could shield the wearer from “terrors of the night.” This belief persisted into the Middle Ages and was reinforced by the gemstone’s association with light and the sun.
Peridot also has modern symbolic meanings. It is often given to celebrate the 15th wedding anniversary, symbolizing love, prosperity, and enduring relationships. In Hawaii, peridot is linked to volcanic activity, and the gemstone was believed to be the tears of the volcano goddess Pele. This mythological connection adds a layer of cultural richness to its already storied past.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, a naturally occurring silicate mineral with a chemical composition of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. It is formed under extreme geological conditions, typically in volcanic environments and at great depths within the Earth’s mantle. The presence of iron in its composition gives peridot its characteristic green color, which can range from yellow-green to olive to brownish-green.
One of the most fascinating aspects of peridot is that it can be found not only on Earth but also in meteorites. This extraterrestrial origin reinforces the gemstone’s cosmic significance and makes it one of the few gemstones with a dual terrestrial and extraterrestrial presence.
Modern peridot is sourced from several countries, including:
- China
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Pakistan
- Tanzania
- Vietnam
- The United States
In the U.S., Peridot Beach in Hawaii is a notable location where peridot can be found in the sand, shimmering with a luminous green hue. This site is a popular destination for those seeking a closer connection to the gemstone’s natural beauty.
The oldest known source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad, now known as Topazios. The island has been a key location for peridot mining for centuries, and the gemstones from this region are still highly prized today. The island’s harsh mining conditions have contributed to its notorious reputation, with names like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (snake island) reflecting the dangers of mining in such an environment.
The hardness of peridot on the Mohs scale is 6.5 to 7, making it durable enough for everyday wear in jewelry. However, it is not as hard as some other gemstones, such as diamond or ruby, and should be handled with care to avoid scratches or damage.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is distinguished by its unique combination of physical and optical properties that make it both visually appealing and scientifically intriguing.
Color
Peridot is known for its vibrant green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its crystal structure. The color can vary from yellow-green to olive to brownish-green, depending on the iron content. This variation in color is one of the reasons why peridot is so versatile in jewelry design.
Clarity
Peridot is generally included, meaning it often contains visible inclusions or imperfections. These inclusions are not considered flaws but rather natural characteristics that add to the gemstone’s individuality and charm. The presence of inclusions can also affect the brilliance and clarity of the stone, making each peridot unique.
Cut
Peridot is typically cut into round brilliant cuts, oval shapes, or emerald cuts, depending on the shape and size of the rough crystal. The round cut is the most common and helps to enhance the gemstone’s brilliance. The emerald cut, on the other hand, is less common but can showcase the vibrant green color in a more subtle and elegant way.
Hardness
On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot ranks between 6.5 and 7, making it relatively durable but not as hard as some other gemstones like diamond (10) or ruby (9). This means that while peridot can be used in jewelry, it requires careful handling to avoid scratches or damage.
Refractive Index and Luster
Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70, which means it has a moderate to high luster. This luster, combined with its vibrant green color, gives peridot a luminous and eye-catching appearance. The luster can vary depending on the cut and polish of the gemstone.
Chemical Composition
Peridot is a silicate mineral with a chemical formula of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. The proportion of magnesium and iron in the crystal structure determines the exact shade of green. The higher the iron content, the darker the green color of the peridot.
Rarity
Peridot is relatively common compared to other gemstones, but high-quality, large peridot stones are rare and valuable. The finest peridot stones are typically found in Egyptian sources, particularly from the Zabargad island. These stones are highly sought after by collectors and jewelers due to their exceptional color and clarity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, protection, and prosperity. In ancient Egypt, it was considered a powerful talisman that could ward off evil spirits and nightmares. The gemstone was also believed to bring good fortune and success, making it a popular choice for amulets and charms.
In medieval Europe, peridot was used in religious artifacts and was believed to protect the wearer from danger. It was also associated with light and the sun, reinforcing its symbolism of hope and renewal.
In modern times, peridot is often used in jewelry to celebrate the 15th wedding anniversary. It is also believed to foster love, prosperity, and self-confidence. Some people wear peridot as a protective stone to help them overcome fears and anxieties.
In Hawaiian culture, peridot is linked to volcanic activity and is said to be the tears of the volcano goddess Pele. This mythological connection adds a layer of cultural significance to the gemstone and reinforces its connection to the Earth and nature.
Peridot is also associated with the heart chakra, and is believed to promote emotional healing and balance. It is often used in crystal healing to help release negative emotions and promote inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and relative softness compared to other gemstones, peridot requires special care to maintain its beauty and durability.
Cleaning
Peridot can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It should be avoided using harsh chemicals or steam cleaners, as these can damage the surface or strip away its luster. It is also advisable to avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the inclusions or alter the color of the gemstone.
Storage
Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching or abrasion. It is best to store it in a soft cloth or a padded box to protect it from impact and pressure.
Wear
Peridot is suitable for everyday wear, but it should be handled with care to avoid scratches or chips. It is not recommended for use in rings that are worn frequently on hard surfaces, as the hardness of the surface can scratch the gemstone.
Repair and Maintenance
If a peridot becomes chipped or cracked, it should be repaired by a professional jeweler. The gemstone can be polished to restore its luster, but severe damage may require replacement.
Conclusion
Peridot, the primary August birthstone, is a gemstone of beauty, history, and meaning. Its vibrant green color, cosmic origins, and rich cultural heritage make it a unique and cherished gemstone. From its ancient use in Egypt and medieval Europe to its modern appreciation in jewelry and crystal healing, peridot continues to capture the imagination and admiration of gemstone enthusiasts.
As one of the few gemstones found in meteorites, peridot holds a special place in the world of gemology. Its formation under extreme conditions and its association with light and protection reinforce its symbolic significance. Whether worn as a jewelry piece, a protective talisman, or a symbol of prosperity, peridot remains a versatile and meaningful gemstone.
In addition to peridot, spinel and sardonyx also hold historical and cultural significance as August birthstones. While spinel is often mistaken for ruby, and sardonyx has a history dating back over 4,000 years, both add to the rich tapestry of gemstone heritage associated with the month of August.
For those born in August, the birthstone tradition offers a beautiful way to connect with the history, meaning, and beauty of these gems. Whether you choose peridot for its vibrant green color, spinel for its brilliant red or pink hues, or sardonyx for its layered patterns, you are selecting a gemstone with a legacy of beauty and significance.