The modern birthstone list represents a standardized system for associating gemstones with the months of the year, a practice deeply rooted in history yet refined to meet contemporary tastes and market demands. Established in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), this list provides a widely recognized guide for selecting gemstones with personal significance, particularly for jewelry and gifts. The evolution of this list, from ancient traditions to modern standardization, reflects changing beliefs, gemstone availability, and the preferences of both jewelers and consumers. This article will explore the history of the modern birthstone list, detail each month’s associated gemstones, and discuss the factors influencing their selection.
A History of Standardization
The concept of linking gemstones to specific months dates back centuries, with origins in Poland between the 16th and 18th centuries. However, the standardization of this practice began in the United States in the early 20th century. Prior to 1912, a variety of “traditional” birthstone lists existed, often differing in the gemstones assigned to each month. These earlier lists frequently included opaque gems like pearls and turquoise, which presented challenges for jewelers aiming to create consistent and aesthetically pleasing jewelry, particularly “mother’s rings” featuring the birthstones of multiple children.
The National Association of Jewelers sought to address this inconsistency by creating a “modern” list, initially prioritizing transparent gemstones. This alteration streamlined the process for jewelers and catered to evolving consumer preferences. Subsequent updates to the list, including additions made by the Jewelry Industry Council of America in 1952 and the American Gem Trade Association in 2016, have further refined the selection, incorporating newly discovered or increasingly popular gemstones like Tanzanite and Spinel. These changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the birthstone list, adapting to both geological discoveries and shifts in the jewelry market.
The Modern Birthstone Chart
The modern birthstone chart, as currently recognized, assigns one or more gemstones to each month of the year. The following table details these associations:
| Month | Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|
| January | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine, Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond, Rock Crystal |
| May | Emerald, Chrysoprase |
| June | Alexandrite, Pearl, Moonstone |
| July | Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx |
| August | Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli |
The inclusion of multiple gemstones for some months provides greater choice and allows individuals to select a stone that resonates with their personal style and preferences. The addition of stones like Tanzanite, discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, reflects the ongoing evolution of the list and the recognition of new and desirable gemstones.
Individual Monthly Gemstones
January – Garnet: Garnet is consistently listed as the birthstone for January, maintaining its association from both traditional and modern lists.
February – Amethyst: Amethyst also holds a consistent position as the February birthstone across both traditional and modern interpretations.
March – Aquamarine & Bloodstone: The modern list for March includes Aquamarine, while the traditional list features Bloodstone. Both are recognized options.
April – Diamond & Rock Crystal: Diamond remains the primary birthstone for April, with Rock Crystal offered as an alternative.
May – Emerald & Chrysoprase: Emerald is the established birthstone for May, with Chrysoprase presented as a secondary option.
June – Alexandrite, Pearl & Moonstone: June boasts a trio of birthstones: Alexandrite, Pearl, and Moonstone. Alexandrite was added in 1952, expanding the options beyond the traditional Pearl.
July – Ruby, Carnelian & Onyx: Ruby is the principal birthstone for July, accompanied by Carnelian and Onyx.
August – Peridot, Spinel & Sardonyx: August offers a choice between Peridot, Spinel (added in 2016), and Sardonyx.
September – Sapphire: Sapphire maintains its consistent position as the September birthstone.
October – Opal & Tourmaline: October features Opal and Tourmaline, with Tourmaline added to the modern list to provide a wider range of color options.
November – Topaz & Citrine: November is represented by Topaz and Citrine, offering warm, golden hues.
December – Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite & Lapis Lazuli: December has the most diverse selection, including Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite (added later), and Lapis Lazuli.
Cultural Variations and Alternative Charts
While the modern birthstone list is widely accepted in the United States, it’s important to note that other cultures maintain their own unique birthstone charts. Traditional British charts, for example, include Bloodstone for March and Rock Crystal for April as alternatives. The Hindu Ayurvedic system bases gemstone associations on astrological signs rather than calendar months, while the Tibetan mystical chart features stones with specific spiritual significance. These variations highlight the diverse cultural interpretations of gemstone symbolism.
Choosing a Birthstone: Beyond the Month
The modern birthstone list provides a valuable framework for selecting gemstones, but ultimately, the choice is a personal one. While birth month is a common starting point, individuals may also consider the gemstone’s symbolism, personal meaning, and aesthetic appeal. Some believe that wearing one’s birthstone can enhance emotional, physical, and spiritual well-being, while others simply appreciate the beauty and unique properties of each stone. The availability of multiple options for some months further empowers individuals to choose a gemstone that truly resonates with them.
The Enduring Appeal of Birthstones
The enduring popularity of birthstones stems from a combination of historical tradition, cultural significance, and personal connection. The practice of associating gemstones with specific months has evolved over centuries, reflecting changing beliefs and preferences. The standardization of the modern birthstone list has provided clarity and consistency, while the ongoing additions and revisions demonstrate the dynamic nature of the gemstone industry. Whether chosen for their symbolic meaning, aesthetic beauty, or personal resonance, birthstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.
Conclusion
The modern birthstone list represents a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From its origins in ancient traditions to its standardization in the 20th century, the list has evolved to reflect changing tastes and the discovery of new gemstones. The diverse selection of stones associated with each month provides individuals with a range of options to choose from, allowing for a personalized and meaningful connection to these precious gems. Understanding the history and significance of birthstones deepens one’s appreciation for the beauty and value of these natural wonders.