Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive green hues, holds a unique position in the world of birthstones. Traditionally associated with the month of August, it also serves as a birthstone for May, offering a vibrant alternative to emerald and garnet. This gem, a variety of the mineral olivine, boasts a history steeped in lore, from ancient Egyptian beliefs to modern symbolism of peace and prosperity. Its formation within the Earth’s mantle and even its presence in meteorites contribute to its mystique, making it a fascinating subject for both gemologists and enthusiasts alike.
History and Lore
The history of peridot is rich with cultural significance. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, referring to it as the “gem of the sun,” and believed it possessed protective qualities against nightmares and evil spirits. This association with sunlight likely stemmed from the gem’s radiant green color. In ancient Russia, peridot was thought to improve eyesight, and carrying the stone was believed to ward off bad dreams.
The connection between peridot and religious figures is also notable. Around the 8th century, an association was made between the twelve foundation stones mentioned in the Revelation of St. John and the twelve apostles. Peridot was specifically linked to the apostle Bartholomew, with Andreas, bishop of Cæsarea, explaining that the gem’s “splendor of gold” symbolized Bartholomew’s “divine preaching and his store of virtues.”
More recently, in 1912, the National Association of Jewelers standardized a list of birthstones, a list later revised in 2019 by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA). This standardization solidified peridot’s place as a recognized birthstone for both May and August. In Hawaii, peridot is linked to Pele, the goddess of fire, and is said to represent her tears, flowing from volcanic eruptions.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot originates from deep within the Earth’s mantle, a relatively uncommon occurrence that contributes to its value. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, typically found in basalt or gabbro, finer-grained basic igneous rocks. The mineral olivine, of which peridot is the gem-quality variety, is a common mineral, but its susceptibility to weathering makes facet-quality stones relatively rare.
Several locations are renowned for their peridot deposits. Pakistan is currently recognized as a source of some of the finest quality peridot available. Historically, Myanmar (Burma) has been known for producing olive-green stones. Other significant sources include China, Vietnam, and the United States, particularly Arizona. Notably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, offering a truly extraterrestrial origin for some specimens. The Hawaiian Islands also hold cultural significance as a source of peridot, linked to the legend of Pele’s tears.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, representing a combination of magnesium and iron silicate. The ratio of these elements influences the shade of green, with forsterite representing magnesium-rich, iron-poor crystals and fayalite representing the opposite. Gemological purposes utilize the general formula, acknowledging the variable ratio.
The gem typically exhibits a distinct cleavage and a conchoidal, or shell-like, fracture. On the Mohs hardness scale, peridot ranges from 6.5 to 7, indicating moderate hardness and making it susceptible to scratching. Its specific gravity, a measure of density, falls between 3.27 and 3.37, making it a relatively dense gemstone.
Peridot is unique in that it rarely occurs in multiple colors; it is almost exclusively green, though shades can vary from yellow-green to olive, depending on its origin and iron content. One particularly appealing shade is known as ‘chartreuse,’ named after the French liqueur of the same color, which is derived from approximately 150 herbs.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27 - 3.37 |
| Cleavage | Distinct |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Color | Green |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. The stone is associated with peace, harmony in relationships, positive energy, emotional balance, protection from negativity, good luck, and success. Ancient Egyptians believed it protected against nightmares and evil spirits, while in Russia, it was thought to improve eyesight.
Modern interpretations continue to emphasize these positive attributes. Wearing peridot jewelry, such as earrings or a necklace, is believed to promote confidence, reduce stress, and attract prosperity. The vibrant green color is often linked to growth, renewal, and the abundance of nature. The gem’s association with the sun further reinforces its symbolism of warmth, vitality, and optimism.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from abrasive materials. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or impacts. Given its tendency to cleave, avoid sudden temperature changes.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of May and August, offers a compelling blend of history, geological intrigue, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins as the “gem of the sun” to its modern associations with peace and prosperity, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its unique formation within the Earth’s mantle and even its presence in meteorites contribute to its mystique, making it a treasured gemstone for collectors, jewelry enthusiasts, and those seeking a connection to the natural world. Its vibrant color and positive symbolism ensure its enduring appeal for generations to come.