Ruby, the captivating red gemstone, holds a prominent position as the traditional birthstone for July. Revered for its vibrant hue, exceptional durability, and rich history, the ruby has captivated civilizations for millennia. This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of this “king of precious stones,” drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The ruby’s history is deeply intertwined with human civilization, stretching back to ancient times. In ancient India, the ruby was known as the “king of precious stones,” prized for its rarity, hardness – second only to diamond – beauty, and perceived mystical powers. It was associated with the life force, blood, and symbolized power and youthful energy, frequently adorning Indian jewelry. Ancient beliefs attributed various powers to the ruby, including the ability to predict misfortune, cure inflammatory diseases, and even soothe anger. Burmese warriors believed possessing a ruby rendered them invincible in battle, embedding them into their skin to ensure protection.
Medieval Europeans similarly held the ruby in high esteem, believing it bestowed health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Beyond its protective and curative properties, the ruby has long been associated with passion and vitality. Its deep red color naturally lends itself to these interpretations, representing the heart and the intensity of human emotion.
The ruby continues to hold significance in modern times, traditionally gifted to celebrate 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) mineral. Their characteristic red color arises from trace amounts of the element chromium within the crystal structure. The more chromium present, the more intense the red hue. The most desirable color, highly sought after by gemologists and collectors, is a deep red with a hint of purple, known within the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Historically, Myanmar (formerly Burma), specifically the Mogok area, has been the most renowned source of fine rubies. For over five centuries, Mogok has yielded rubies of exceptional quality, characterized by vibrant red color, light-scattering inclusions, and a distinctive red fluorescence. The region’s unique geological setting – weathered marble and ancient Buddhist temples – contributes to the formation of these prized gems.
In more recent times, Vietnam has emerged as another significant source, particularly the Luc Yen region in the north, producing rubies ranging in color from red to purplish-red. Further south, the Quy Chau district has also yielded notable specimens. Mozambique is a relatively new, yet increasingly important, source, with rubies from the Montepuez mines often compared favorably to those from Mogok.
Other notable ruby-producing regions include Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar. For many years, the deposits along the border between Thailand and Cambodia were a major source for rubies in the marketplace.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is renowned for its exceptional hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it exceptionally durable and suitable for everyday wear. Its chemical formula is Al₂O₃, with chromium as the coloring agent.
While specific data regarding refractive index and other detailed gemological properties are not provided in the available sources, the ruby’s brilliance and fire are well-documented. The quality of a ruby is assessed based on the “four Cs”: color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. As previously mentioned, the most valued color is a vivid, saturated red, often with a hint of purple. Clarity refers to the presence of inclusions, which can affect the stone’s transparency and brilliance. A well-cut ruby maximizes its brilliance and color, while carat weight determines its size.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the ruby has been imbued with profound symbolism. As previously discussed, ancient cultures associated it with power, vitality, and protection. The ruby’s connection to blood further reinforced its symbolism of life force and passion.
The ruby’s association with royalty and nobility is also deeply rooted in history. Kings and emperors often adorned themselves with rubies, believing they conferred strength and authority. This association continues to this day, with the ruby often seen as a symbol of luxury and prestige.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is still susceptible to damage from harsh impacts or abrasive materials. To maintain its brilliance, rubies should be cleaned regularly with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for rubies, but caution should be exercised if the stone contains fractures or has been treated to enhance its clarity. Avoid exposing rubies to extreme temperature changes or harsh chemicals.
Ruby’s Prevalence
Recent analysis of birth data reveals that ruby is the most common birthstone in 11 states. This prevalence is likely due to the number of births occurring in July.
Amber as an Alternative July Birthstone
While ruby is the primary birthstone for July, amber is listed as an alternative, originating from the high priest birthstone list based on Aaron’s breastplate gemstones. Amber is a fossilized tree resin, typically yellow in color, though shades can range from bright yellow to reddish-brown or even black. Notably, amber from the Dominican Republic can be blue. The majority of amber deposits are found in the Kaliningrad region of Russia, formerly known as Prussia. Amber has been used for decorative purposes since ancient times, with artifacts dating back to 6th dynasty Egypt (3200 B.C.). In ancient times, amber was even used as currency in the Baltic region and traded throughout Europe.
Conclusion
The ruby, with its captivating color, exceptional durability, and rich history, remains one of the most coveted gemstones in the world. As the traditional birthstone for July, it symbolizes passion, vitality, and enduring love. From ancient India’s “king of precious stones” to modern-day expressions of affection, the ruby continues to hold a special place in human culture and remains a testament to the enduring beauty and power of the natural world.