The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year, known as birthstones, boasts a rich and evolving history. While modern lists offer streamlined selections, the origins of these associations are rooted in ancient beliefs, cultural practices, and the availability of gemstones throughout different eras. This article delves into the birthstones assigned to March and December, examining their traditional and modern counterparts, their historical significance, and the reasons behind the shifts in these assignments. The sources reveal a fascinating interplay between historical lore, evolving gemological understanding, and contemporary preferences.
Historical Roots and Evolving Traditions
The concept of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with connections found in the Book of Revelation and early Jewish priestly breastplates. However, the formalized assignment of gemstones to specific months began to take shape in the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, the choices often reflected gemstones available and valued in specific regions. As noted in several sources, the traditional lists were often less standardized, with variations existing across different cultures.
The 20th century witnessed a concerted effort to standardize birthstone lists, leading to the creation of “modern” lists that offered more streamlined options. This standardization wasn’t merely about organization; it was also influenced by marketing and the desire to make gemstones more accessible to a wider audience. Some traditional gems, like turquoise, were less expensive or more readily available than their modern counterparts, contributing to their continued popularity. The modern lists also expanded options for some months, acknowledging evolving tastes and the discovery of new gemstones.
March: Aquamarine and Bloodstone – A Contrast in Color and Lore
March is unique in that it possesses both a traditional and a modern birthstone: bloodstone and aquamarine, respectively. Bloodstone, a dark green chalcedony with red inclusions of iron oxide, holds a long history of use. Traditionally, it was believed to possess healing properties and was associated with courage and vitality. Aquamarine, a blue-green variety of beryl, represents serenity, clarity, and faithfulness.
The contrast between these two stones reflects the diverse range of beliefs associated with the month of March. Bloodstone’s association with blood likely stemmed from its appearance and was linked to the passion of Christ in Christian traditions. Aquamarine, with its evocative name referencing seawater, evokes a sense of calm and tranquility. The modern preference for aquamarine may be attributed to its appealing color and clarity, aligning with contemporary aesthetic preferences.
December: A Quartet of Choices – Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and Bloodstone
December presents the most complex birthstone landscape, boasting a multitude of options across traditional and modern lists. Traditionally, bloodstone and ruby were associated with December. However, the modern list expands this to include turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite, and even blue topaz. This variety allows for a broad range of choices, catering to different tastes and budgets.
Ruby, a vibrant red gemstone, symbolizes passion, protection, and prosperity. Turquoise, with its opaque sky-blue hue, is one of the world’s oldest gemstones, revered for its connection to wellness and fortune. Zircon, often confused with cubic zirconia, is a naturally occurring gemstone available in a variety of colors, though blue zircon is particularly popular as a December birthstone. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is a captivating blue-violet gemstone known for its trichroism – displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle.
The inclusion of multiple stones for December highlights the evolving nature of birthstone assignments. The addition of tanzanite, discovered in the 1960s, demonstrates how new gemstones can be incorporated into the tradition. The continued presence of bloodstone on the modern list acknowledges its historical significance and enduring appeal.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While the sources do not provide extensive gemological data for all the mentioned birthstones, some key properties can be summarized. Garnet, common to both January and December’s traditional lists, is a silicate mineral group with a Mohs hardness of around 7, available in a wide range of colors, though red is the most common. Aquamarine, a variety of beryl, also boasts a Mohs hardness of around 7-8. Emerald, the May birthstone, is another beryl variety. Ruby, the July birthstone, is a variety of corundum, known for its exceptional hardness (9 on the Mohs scale). Sapphire, the September birthstone, is also a variety of corundum, available in various colors, though blue is most well-known. Diamond, the April birthstone, is the hardest known natural substance, registering a 10 on the Mohs scale.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Mohs Hardness | Common Colors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Garnet | Varies | ~7 | Red, Orange, Yellow |
| Aquamarine | Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈ | 7-8 | Blue-Green |
| Ruby | Al₂O₃ | 9 | Red |
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ | 9 | Blue, Pink, Yellow |
| Diamond | C | 10 | Colorless, Yellow, Brown |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Blue-Green |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnet is believed to bring protection, guarding against negativity and manifesting desires. Amethyst, the February birthstone, is associated with serenity and good sleep. Ruby symbolizes passion and protection. Turquoise is revered for its connection to wellness and fortune. These beliefs, while not scientifically verifiable, contribute to the enduring appeal of birthstones and their significance as personal talismans. The sources suggest that choosing a birthstone based on resonance with its meaning is a valid approach, emphasizing the personal connection individuals have with these gems.
Choosing Your Birthstone: A Personal Journey
The modern approach to birthstones emphasizes personal choice. While the traditional and modern lists provide a framework, individuals are encouraged to select the gemstone that resonates most with them, whether based on color preference, symbolic meaning, or aesthetic appeal. The sources consistently reinforce the idea that birthstones are a guideline, not a rigid rule. The availability of multiple options for certain months, particularly December, further underscores this flexibility.
Conclusion
The story of birthstones is a dynamic one, reflecting evolving cultural beliefs, gemological discoveries, and personal preferences. The birthstones associated with March and December, in particular, demonstrate the breadth and complexity of this tradition. From the contrasting energies of bloodstone and aquamarine to the diverse quartet of choices for December, these gemstones offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. Ultimately, the selection of a birthstone is a personal journey, a celebration of individuality and a connection to the enduring allure of these remarkable gifts from the earth.