July and September each boast a gemstone of exceptional beauty and enduring significance: the ruby and the sapphire. Both members of the corundum family, these stones have captivated civilizations for millennia with their vibrant colors, remarkable durability, and the lore that surrounds them. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of these two prominent birthstones.
A History Rooted in Antiquity
The origins of reverence for rubies and sapphires are deeply intertwined with ancient beliefs and traditions. The current association of specific gemstones with months is a relatively recent development, dating back to 1912 with the establishment of the official birthstone list by the American National Retail Jewelers Association. However, the practice of attributing powers to gemstones stretches back much further, potentially to the breastplate of Aaron, which contained twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel.
Rubies, in particular, have a long and storied history. Sources indicate they were associated with passion, protection, and prosperity. Similarly, sapphires have been prized for centuries, often linked to wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. Both stones were considered symbols of power and were frequently incorporated into the regalia of kings and queens.
Geological Formation and Global Sources
Both ruby and sapphire are varieties of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Their distinct colors arise from trace elements within the crystal structure. Ruby’s characteristic red hue is due to the presence of chromium, while sapphire encompasses a range of colors – most famously blue, caused by iron and titanium – but can also be pink, yellow, green, and even colorless.
The formation of these gemstones requires specific geological conditions. They typically form in metamorphic rocks, created under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. These conditions are often found in areas with ancient geological activity.
While specific mining locations for ruby are not extensively detailed in the provided sources, it is noted that fine-quality ruby is extremely rare. Sapphire sources are more clearly defined. Sri Lanka is highlighted as a particularly prized source of moonstones, a related feldspar mineral, and is likely a source for sapphires as well. Other sources include India, Australia, Myanmar, and Madagascar. Peridot, another birthstone, is also brought to the surface by volcanoes, and in Hawaii, it symbolizes the tears of Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes.
Gemological Properties: Durability and Desirability
The exceptional hardness of ruby and sapphire – second only to diamond – contributes significantly to their desirability. This durability makes them suitable for everyday wear. Ruby, specifically, is described as harder than any natural gemstone except diamond.
The color of a ruby is the most important factor determining its value. The most prized color is a medium or medium-dark vivid red, or a slightly purplish red. Lighter shades or those with too much purple or orange are classified as fancy-color sapphires. Sapphires, while available in many colors, are most recognized for their blue hues.
While detailed gemological data such as refractive index or specific gravity are not provided in the sources, the emphasis on color and clarity underscores their importance in assessing the quality and value of these gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both rubies and sapphires have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Rubies are said to arouse the senses, stir the imagination, and guarantee health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Sapphires, similarly, are associated with positive attributes such as wisdom, loyalty, and influence.
Legends and myths surrounding birthstone healing powers are prevalent. The belief that wearing a gemstone during its assigned month heightened its healing powers was widespread, and some traditions even advocated owning all twelve stones and alternating them monthly for optimal effect. Moonstone, a June birthstone, was believed to encapsulate a spirit bringing good fortune, and was considered sacred in India, displayed on a yellow background.
Modern Popularity and Market Trends
The provided sources offer insight into the relative popularity of birthstones. Analysis of birth data reveals that peridot (August) is the most common birthstone in a significant number of states, while ruby (July) is the most common in eleven states. Sapphire (September) holds the distinction of being the most common birthstone in Hawaii, and emerald (May) in Wyoming.
Data on the frequency of birthstones in jewelry sales indicates that sapphire ranks as the third most popular, accounting for 8.67% of sales, while emerald and turquoise tie for sixth at 8.32%. Garnet, the January birthstone, is slightly less common at 8.16%, and amethyst (February) is the rarest at 7.58%. These differences are attributed, in part, to the varying number of births in each month, with amethyst being associated with the shortest month of the year.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, rubies and sapphires are relatively durable gemstones. However, proper care is essential to maintain their brilliance and luster. While specific cleaning instructions are not detailed in the sources, the inherent durability of corundum suggests that gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is generally safe. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, which could potentially damage the stones.
Conclusion
Ruby and sapphire stand as testaments to the enduring allure of gemstones. From their ancient origins steeped in mythology and symbolism to their modern-day popularity as cherished birthstones, these members of the corundum family continue to captivate and inspire. Their exceptional durability, vibrant colors, and rich history ensure their place as treasured possessions for generations to come. The association of ruby with July and sapphire with September provides a meaningful connection to these magnificent gems, celebrating the unique qualities of those born under their influence.