Ruby and Onyx: The Gems of July

July is richly endowed with birthstones, offering a choice between the vibrant red ruby and the sophisticated black onyx. While ruby has come to be recognized as the primary gem for those born in July, onyx maintains a significant historical connection to the month and remains a popular alternative. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of both these captivating gemstones, drawing upon historical accounts and modern gemological understanding.

A History Intertwined

The association of gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in biblical tradition and ancient astrological beliefs. July’s birthstones reflect this complex history. Ruby’s prominence as a July birthstone can be traced to the standardization efforts of the National Association of Jewelers in 1912, which officially designated it as the primary gem for the month. However, for centuries prior, onyx held this position, recognized in Jewish, Roman, and European traditions. This long-standing association with onyx continues to resonate with those seeking a bolder, more modern aesthetic.

The concept of birthstones is often linked to the twelve gemstones adorning Aaron’s breastplate, as described in the Book of Exodus, or to the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem as described in the Book of Revelation. Various interpretations of these biblical references have led to different lists of birthstones throughout history. Beyond these religious connections, the gemstones were also believed to possess unique powers and influence over the wearer’s life.

Geological Formation and Sources

Rubies, renowned for their captivating red hue, are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide. Their iconic color arises from the presence of chromium, with the intensity of the red directly proportional to the amount of this element present. The most prized rubies are known as “pigeon’s blood,” characterized by a deep, vivid red with subtle purple undertones.

Myanmar, formerly Burma, has been a significant source of high-quality rubies for over five centuries, particularly the Mogok area. Vietnam also yields notable rubies, and more recently, Mozambique has emerged as a major producer. Additional sources include Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

Onyx, in contrast to ruby’s crystalline structure, is a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. Its formation typically occurs in the cavities of lava flows, where silica-rich solutions deposit layers of varying colors. The distinct banding that characterizes onyx is a result of these layered depositions. While specific geological details regarding onyx formation are not detailed in the provided sources, its presence in various regions suggests diverse geological origins.

Gemological Properties

Ruby:

Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (Aluminum Oxide) with Chromium
Color: Primarily red, ranging from pinkish-red to deep, vivid “pigeon’s blood” red.
Hardness (Mohs Scale): 9.0 – exceptionally hard, making it durable for everyday wear.
Crystal System: Trigonal
Refractive Index: 1.762 – 1.778
Specific Gravity: 3.97 – 4.05

Onyx:

The provided sources do not contain specific gemological properties for onyx.

The exceptional hardness of ruby contributes to its suitability for all types of jewelry. Its durability ensures it can withstand daily wear and maintain its brilliance for generations.

Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

Throughout history, rubies have been imbued with powerful symbolism. In Medieval Europe, they were associated with wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Warriors in Myanmar believed that wearing rubies rendered them invincible in battle. Beyond these historical beliefs, rubies were also thought to possess healing properties, capable of predicting misfortune or even alleviating blood disorders.

Onyx, too, carries a rich symbolic weight. It is often regarded as a grounding stone, believed to absorb negative energy and promote emotional stability. Its sleek, sophisticated appearance lends itself to a sense of strength and self-control. The connection of onyx to the zodiac sign Leo further reinforces its association with July, embodying the boldness and confidence of this fire sign.

Care and Cleaning

Due to its exceptional hardness, ruby is relatively easy to care for. Routine cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for rubies, but caution should be exercised if the stone has been fracture-filled. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface.

The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for onyx. However, as a variety of chalcedony, it is generally recommended to clean onyx with mild soap and water, avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. Professional cleaning and polishing services are available to restore the luster of onyx jewelry.

The Allure of Alternatives

While ruby reigns as the primary July birthstone, the continued recognition of onyx as an alternative offers a wider range of choices for those seeking a gemstone that resonates with their personal style. The availability of both natural and lab-created rubies, as well as the use of cubic zirconia as a more affordable alternative, ensures that the beauty of a July birthstone is accessible to all. Similarly, the versatility of onyx allows it to be incorporated into a variety of jewelry designs, from classic cameos to modern statement pieces.

Conclusion

The July birthstones, ruby and onyx, represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. Ruby, with its fiery red hue and exceptional durability, embodies passion, courage, and prosperity. Onyx, with its sleek sophistication and grounding energy, offers a sense of strength and stability. Whether one chooses the traditional brilliance of ruby or the modern elegance of onyx, these gemstones serve as a beautiful reminder of the unique qualities associated with those born in the seventh month of the year.