Peridot is the most popularly recognized birthstone for August, though spinel and sardonyx also hold this designation. This gem, characterized by its distinctive olive-green hue, boasts a history steeped in ancient lore and a geological origin as remarkable as its appearance. Found in both hardened lava flows and even within meteorites, peridot’s story spans millennia, from being mistaken for emeralds to being revered as the “gem of the sun” by ancient civilizations. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gemstone.
History and Lore
Throughout history, peridot has often been confused with other green gemstones, notably emeralds and topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was actually a significant source of peridot. Ancient Romans referred to peridot as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to maintain its vibrant green color even in low light conditions, a characteristic that distinguished it from other gems.
The association with the sun extends back to ancient Egypt, where peridot was known as the “gem of the sun.” Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection was, in fact, largely composed of peridots. This belief stems from the gem’s prevalence in Egyptian jewelry and its similar coloration to emeralds.
Further evidence of peridot’s historical significance can be found in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral. The 200 carats of gems adorning the shrine, long believed to be emeralds, have been identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s use in significant religious and artistic works throughout the Middle Ages. Peridot is also the traditional gift for a 15th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions. Its formation occurs deep within the Earth’s mantle, and it is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. This explains its frequent discovery in hardened lava flows, particularly in locations like Hawaii. However, peridot’s origins are not limited to terrestrial sources. Remarkably, peridot has been found in pallasite meteorites – a rare type of meteorite containing olivine crystals within an iron-nickel matrix. These meteorites are estimated to be between 4 and 5 billion years old, dating back to the origins of our solar system.
In 2005, peridot was even discovered in comet dust brought back from the Stardust robotic space probe, further solidifying its extraterrestrial connection. While peridot can be found in various locations, specific sources are noted for their quality and abundance. Currently, the primary sources include volcanic lava beds and meteorite fragments.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a transparent gemstone, typically exhibiting a rich green color ranging from yellowish-green to brownish-green. It is unique in that it generally displays only one color – green – unlike many other gemstones that exhibit pleochroism (displaying different colors from different angles). Peridot also possesses a slightly oily or greasy luster, contributing to its distinctive appearance.
A notable gemological property of peridot is its extremely high double refraction. When viewed closely through the gemstone, two of each pavilion facet can be observed, a characteristic that distinguishes it from other gems.
While specific data regarding chemical composition, refractive index, and hardness were not provided in the sources, the sources do indicate that peridot is a member of the olivine mineral group. It is also noted that peridot is not as light-dependent as blue and red gemstones, maintaining its color consistently in various lighting conditions.
Here's a table summarizing the key properties mentioned in the sources:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Group | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-green to brownish-green |
| Luster | Slightly oily or greasy |
| Light Dependence | Consistent color in all lighting |
| Double Refraction | Extremely high |
| Historical Confusion | Often mistaken for emerald and topaz |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed peridot possessed healing powers and considered it the “gem of the sun,” associating it with light and cosmic energy. Modern beliefs suggest that peridot can increase prosperity, growth, and openness, as well as strengthen one’s life force.
The gem’s association with light and its extraterrestrial origins have led some to believe it possesses unique powers related to cosmic awareness and spiritual growth. It is also considered a stone of protection, warding off negativity and promoting emotional well-being.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for peridot. However, given its mineral composition and properties, general gemstone care guidelines would apply. Peridot should be protected from harsh impacts and extreme temperature changes. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the gemstone.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, is a gem with a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient association with the sun and its frequent misidentification as emeralds to its discovery in meteorites, peridot’s story is as fascinating as its vibrant green hue. Its ability to maintain its color in all lighting conditions and its high double refraction further contribute to its distinctive character. Whether admired for its beauty, its historical significance, or its purported metaphysical properties, peridot remains a treasured gemstone for those born in August and for all who appreciate the wonders of the natural world.