Peridot, the captivating birthstone for August, is a gemstone steeped in history and renowned for its distinctive vibrant green hue. Often referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to retain its color even in low light, peridot has been treasured for millennia, adorning royalty, religious artifacts, and the jewelry of individuals seeking its purported benefits. This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back over 4,000 years. Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, calling it the “gem of the sun.” Some historians believe that many of the “emeralds” featured in Cleopatra’s famed collection were, in fact, peridot. Egyptian priests utilized goblets encrusted with peridot, believing the stone harnessed the power of nature and facilitated communion with their deities.
The gem’s history extends beyond Egypt. For over 3,500 years, peridot was mined on the island of Zabargad (now St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea. Ancient Romans also prized peridot, referring to it as the “evening emerald” because of its luminosity in dim conditions. Legends connected the gemstone to the sun, believing it brought energy and happiness to its wearer.
Medieval European lore attributed healing properties to peridot. In the early 1500s, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa suggested holding peridot to the sun could alleviate respiratory ailments. Apothecaries even powdered the stone as a remedy for insomnia, bleeding, madness, and nightmares, as well as to improve memory and ease childbirth.
Remarkably, peridot has even been found in extraterrestrial origins. Some peridot crystals have been discovered within pallasite meteorites, estimated to be 4.5 billion years old, dating back to the formation of our solar system. Further evidence of its cosmic connection was found in 2005 when peridot was identified in comet dust retrieved by the Stardust robotic space probe. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds, but are now confirmed to be peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of olivine, a magnesium-iron rich silicate mineral. It forms under extreme conditions, typically within the hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. This volcanic origin explains its association with volcanic areas. Unusually, it can also be found in meteorites.
Historically, the primary source of peridot was Zabargad Island in the Red Sea. Today, peridot is sourced from several locations worldwide. The United States was once the world’s largest producer, with significant deposits found on the San Carlos Apache reservation in Arizona. However, competition has increased from China and Pakistan. Other notable sources include Norway, Brazil, Australia, Myanmar (Burma), and the Island of Hawaii, where small pieces of peridot wash ashore near volcanic regions, attributed by Hawaiian folklore to the tears of the goddess Pele.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is an idiochromatic gemstone, meaning its color is derived from its chemical composition rather than trace impurities. The vibrant green hue results from the presence of iron within the olivine structure. The shade of green can vary from brownish-green to yellowish-green to a pure, vivid green, depending on the iron content.
Here's a summary of peridot’s key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellow-Green, Olive Green, Brownish-Green |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 - 1.687 |
| Double Refraction | Extremely High |
Peridot exhibits a notably high degree of double refraction, a phenomenon where light splits into two rays as it passes through the gem. This results in a doubling of pavilion facets when viewed through the stone. Unlike many colored gemstones, peridot’s color remains consistent regardless of the lighting conditions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is traditionally believed to bring the wearer success, peace, and good luck. Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute to peridot the ability to activate the heart and solar plexus chakras, functioning as a protective shield around the body.
The stone is said to inspire eloquence and creativity, fostering happiness and contentment. It is also believed to diminish obsession, reduce envy, and alleviate feelings of guilt. Peridot is thought to attract love, relieve anger, and promote a sense of renewal and rejuvenation. It is associated with prosperity, growth, and openness, strengthening life force and encouraging positive change.
Peridot is recognized as the traditional gift for a 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and happiness. It is also the birthstone for the month of August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Astrologically, it is associated with the zodiac signs Leo and Virgo.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, is relatively durable but requires careful handling to avoid damage. It is susceptible to scratching from harder materials and can be cleaved, meaning it can split along certain planes.
To clean peridot jewelry, use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to potential impacts. Regular cleaning will help maintain the gem’s brilliance and vibrancy.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, blending a rich history with captivating beauty and intriguing geological origins. From its ancient roots as the “gem of the sun” cherished by Egyptians and Romans to its modern status as the August birthstone, peridot continues to inspire and enchant. Its unique properties, vibrant color, and symbolic significance make it a treasured gem for collectors, jewelry enthusiasts, and those seeking its purported metaphysical benefits. The gem’s presence in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial formations further adds to its mystique, solidifying its place as a truly remarkable and captivating gemstone.