August is unique among the months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These gemstones, each with its own distinct history, geological origins, and symbolic meanings, offer a diverse range of choices for those born in the late summer months. While peridot is considered the primary August birthstone, spinel and sardonyx serve as compelling alternatives, reflecting the richness and complexity of the month itself. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of each of these captivating gems.
A History of August’s Gemstones
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month has evolved over time. Early associations often stemmed from religious texts, such as the breastplate of Aaron, or from astrological beliefs. Sardonyx holds the longest history as an August birthstone, with its use dating back over 4,000 years. However, the modern recognition of peridot and spinel as official August birthstones reflects changing tastes and a deeper understanding of gemology.
Peridot’s history is particularly intriguing, with ancient civilizations often mistaking it for emerald or topaz. Cleopatra herself was rumored to have adorned herself with peridot, believing them to be emeralds. The gem was sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, which led to the misnomer of calling peridot “topaz” for centuries. Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot was valued by European royalty and clergy, frequently used in religious ornamentation.
Spinel, while historically confused with ruby, gained recognition as a distinct gemstone more recently. For centuries, red spinel was mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical jewelry collections. Only with advancements in gemological testing was its unique identity established.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes. Peridot, a variety of the mineral olivine, is often found in unusual locations – within hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites. The intensity of its green hue is determined by the amount of iron present in its crystal structure. Historically, the Red Sea island of Zabargad was a significant source of peridot, remaining so until the early 20th century.
Sardonyx, a variety of agate, forms through the deposition of silica-rich solutions within rock cavities and fractures. Over millions of years, alternating layers of reddish-brown sard and white or black onyx accumulate, creating the gem’s characteristic banded appearance. Major sources of sardonyx include the Sardonyx Mountains of India, as well as Australia, Brazil, China, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the Ural Mountains of Russia, Uruguay, and the USA.
Spinel’s formation is linked to the geological environments that also produce ruby and sapphire, though it is a distinct mineral. It can be found in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is known for its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color, though the intensity can vary. It is the gem variety of olivine. While it can be confused with other gems, peridot occurs in only one color, making it uniquely identifiable.
Sardonyx is characterized by its striking bands of reddish-brown and white or black. Its layered structure makes it particularly suitable for carving cameos and intaglios, a practice common in Roman times. It is a variety of agate.
Spinel, while available in a range of colors including red, pink, and even cobalt blue, is a distinct mineral with properties differing from ruby and sapphire.
A comparative table of key gemological properties, based on available information, is provided below:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Not specified in sources |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ (Agate) | Banded reddish-brown and white/black | Not specified in sources |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Red, pink, blue, and other colors | Not specified in sources |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot, known as the “gem of the sun” in ancient Egypt, was believed to protect against nightmares and bring confidence, health, and positive energy. It is associated with growth, prosperity, love, loyalty, and protection.
Sardonyx, with its layered structure, has been linked to strength, courage, and protection. Its use in Roman wax seals suggests a connection to authority and decision-making.
Spinel, while gaining recognition more recently, is also believed to possess protective qualities and promote vitality.
Care and Cleaning
The care required for each of these gemstones varies based on their hardness and structure. While specific hardness values are not provided in the sources, general guidelines can be inferred. Peridot, being a relatively softer stone, requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Sardonyx, due to its layered structure, should also be protected from harsh impacts. Spinel, being a durable gemstone, can withstand more wear and tear.
General cleaning recommendations include using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstones.
The Expanding List of August Birthstones
It is important to note that the list of August birthstones is not limited to peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Some sources include diamond as a guardian angel birthstone for August, while others list topaz and lapis lazuli as birthstones associated with the zodiac signs Leo and Virgo, respectively. The choice of which birthstone to embrace is ultimately a personal one, based on individual preference and connection.
Conclusion
August’s trio of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent the diverse beauty and rich history of the gemstone world. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the more recently recognized brilliance of spinel and the sun-kissed glow of peridot, each gem offers a unique connection to the month of August. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or geological origins, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire.