Jet is a unique and historically significant gemstone, deeply intertwined with mourning traditions, spiritual beliefs, and ancient craftsmanship. While not a mineral in the traditional sense, this deep black or dark brown organic gemstone has captivated cultures for millennia, serving as both adornment and amulet. Recognized as an alternative birthstone for December and a zodiac stone for Capricorn, jet continues to hold a place in modern jewelry and metaphysical practices. This article will explore the history, geological origins, properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating material.
History and Lore
The story of jet extends back to Neolithic times, with archaeological discoveries of jet jewelry dating as far back as 10,000 BC to 2,200 BC in ancient Britain. Its presence in Bronze Age artifacts from Roman, Viking, and Saxon settlements further demonstrates its enduring appeal throughout history. Ancient Romans utilized Whitby jet in rings, pendants, and hair ornaments, believing it offered mystical protection.
Throughout the Medieval period (476 AD to 1450 AD), jet was known as “black amber” or “gagates,” derived from the Greek term gagates lithos, meaning “stone of Gages,” referencing a river and town in Asia Minor. The term “jet” itself emerged in the 12th century, originating from the French jaiet.
However, jet’s most prominent period of popularity arrived during the Victorian Era (1837 to 1901). The introduction of Whitby jet to the public at the Great Exhibition of 1851 sparked interest, leading to the opening of the first dedicated jet store in Whitby around 1860. The stone’s association with mourning solidified after Queen Victoria adopted carved jet mourning jewelry following the death of Prince Albert in 1861, establishing it as a symbol of grief and remembrance. Jet was often used in jewelry worn during periods of mourning, reflecting a deep emotional connection.
Geological Formation and Sources
Jet is not a mineral or crystal, but rather a mineraloid – a substance that resembles a mineral but doesn’t meet the strict criteria for mineral classification. It is an organic gemstone formed from the decomposition of plant matter, specifically wood, over millions of years. This process transforms the wood into a lightweight, carbon-rich material. Different sources offer varying descriptions of its precise formation, listing it as a hydrocarbon, subbituminous coal, or lignite that has undergone carbon compression.
The characteristics of jet can vary depending on its geographical origin. Several notable types are classified by their regional sources:
- Acoma Jet: Found near the Acoma Pueblo region in New Mexico, USA, this jet is known for its softness and is popular in Southwestern Native American jewelry.
- Erzurum/Oltu Stone: Originating from eastern Turkey, Erzurum Jet (also known as Oltu Stone) is valued for its unique properties and is a staple in local craftsmanship.
- Spanish Jet: Mined in Spain, this variety contains a higher sulfur content, making it harder but also more brittle, suitable for delicate carvings.
- Whitby Jet: The most famous variety, sourced from Whitby, England, has historically been highly prized.
Gemological Properties
Jet is typically deep grey to black in color, though some specimens may exhibit dark brown hues. It possesses a waxy to glossy appearance, which can be enhanced through polishing. Its high carbon content often draws comparisons to shungite, though jet is notably lighter and softer.
Here's a comparison of jet's properties with other similar materials:
| Property | Jet | Onyx |
|---|---|---|
| Classification | Mineraloid | Mineral |
| Color Source | Natural | Often Dyed |
| Mohs Hardness | 2.5-4 | 7 |
Jet’s softness, ranking between 2.5 and 4 on the Mohs hardness scale, means it scratches readily. This characteristic distinguishes it from harder gemstones like onyx. Unlike most solid black onyx, which is often dyed, jet’s black color is natural.
Jet is frequently fashioned into cabochons – smooth, polished stones that highlight its deep color. It is also carved into intricate designs, used in beads, and incorporated into inlay work, offering versatility for jewelry creation. Antique jet jewelry often showcases detailed cameo and intaglio designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, jet has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient cultures believed jet stones provided protection from the evil eye, warding off negative energy and ill intent. In modern times, jet is associated with strength, protection, purification, and good luck. It is believed to promote mental clarity during stressful times and encourage thoughtful decision-making.
Jet is considered a talisman for breaking negative habits, escaping toxic relationships, and fostering spiritual healing. Carrying a jet gemstone is thought to protect against ruminating thoughts and anxious energies, acting as a source of positivity and peace.
Historically, jet was also valued for its purported physical healing properties. Ancient healers believed jet jewelry could alleviate migraines, reduce inflammation, soothe menstrual cramps, and support hormonal balance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, jet requires careful handling and cleaning. Avoid harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, and ultrasonic cleaning, as these can damage the stone’s surface. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and lukewarm water is recommended. It is also advisable to store jet jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, as this may cause fading over time.
Conclusion
Jet, with its rich history, unique formation, and symbolic significance, remains a captivating gemstone. From its ancient origins as a protective amulet to its Victorian-era association with mourning and remembrance, jet has consistently held a place in human culture. While not a traditional mineral, its organic origins and distinctive properties make it a fascinating material for both jewelry enthusiasts and those seeking its purported metaphysical benefits. Its enduring appeal lies in its ability to connect us to the past, offer a sense of protection, and remind us of the enduring power of remembrance.