Sapphire, the captivating birthstone of September, has been revered for millennia for its stunning beauty, exceptional durability, and rich symbolism. Belonging to the corundum family, this gem presents a remarkable spectrum of colors, though it is most widely recognized and desired for its classic blue hues. Throughout history, sapphire has adorned royalty, inspired legends, and been attributed with protective and healing powers. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of sapphire stretches back over two and a half millennia, with evidence of its use and admiration in ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were believed to offer protection from harm and envy. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief, positing that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color. These early civilizations valued the gem not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its perceived mystical qualities.
During the Middle Ages, sapphire held a special place within the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and representing faith and piety. It was also believed to possess medicinal properties, with medieval Europeans attributing the ability to cure plague boils and eye diseases to the stone. Furthermore, sapphire was thought to act as an antidote to poison.
The gem’s association with royalty continued through the ages. Notable examples of famous sapphires include the Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone originating from Myanmar (Burma), acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1934. More recently, the 12-carat blue sapphire engagement ring, first worn by Princess Diana and later by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, has cemented sapphire’s status as a symbol of enduring love and regal elegance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Its color arises from trace elements within its chemical structure. Titanium and iron are responsible for the most sought-after blue shades, while other elements like vanadium, chromium, and magnesium create a rainbow of “fancy colored” sapphires, including pink, yellow, green, and purple varieties. When chromium levels are high enough, corundum is classified as ruby, rather than sapphire.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (Burma), and Sri Lanka. However, substantial quantities have also been found in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and the United States, specifically in Montana. These diverse locations contribute to the variety of sapphire colors and qualities available today.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire boasts exceptional physical and optical properties that contribute to its desirability as a gemstone. It registers a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, second only to diamond, making it exceptionally durable and resistant to scratching. This durability makes it ideal for everyday wear in jewelry.
While the classic and most recognizable sapphire color is a deep “royal” blue, sapphires occur in a wide range of hues. Blue sapphires are simply referred to as “sapphire,” while other colors are designated as “fancy colored” sapphires, such as “purple sapphire” or “green sapphire.” The evaluation of a sapphire’s color considers its hue, tone, and saturation.
Sapphire’s chemical composition is consistent, but the presence and concentration of trace elements dictate its color. The gem’s refractive index and other optical properties contribute to its brilliance and fire. Sapphires can also exhibit the phenomenon of color change, shifting hues depending on the light source, a characteristic caused by high vanadium content and the way light is absorbed and refracted.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness | 9 on the Mohs scale |
| Classic Color | Deep “royal” blue |
| Other Hues | Pink, yellow, green, violet, black, color‑change |
| Major Sources | Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia, Montana (USA) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with profound symbolism. Traditionally, it represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Its association with royalty and the clergy further reinforced its connection to virtue and spiritual enlightenment.
Beyond its historical symbolism, sapphire has been attributed with metaphysical properties. Medieval beliefs centered on its healing powers, with claims that it could cure various ailments. While these claims are not scientifically substantiated, they reflect the enduring belief in the gem’s power to influence well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Warm, soapy water is generally safe for cleaning sapphires. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated stones. However, caution is advised for fracture-filled or dyed sapphires, which should only be cleaned with a damp cloth. Avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive materials will help preserve the gem’s luster and prevent damage.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and royalty to its modern-day status as a beloved birthstone and jewelry staple, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, stunning array of colors, and rich symbolism ensure its place as one of the world’s most cherished and sought-after gems. The September birthstone is more than just a beautiful stone; it is a symbol of truth, fidelity, and enduring beauty.