December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. This multiplicity reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions, influenced by historical practices, industry demands, and cultural preferences. While turquoise holds the longest-standing association with December, the addition of zircon, blue topaz, and, most recently, tanzanite, provides a diverse palette of color and symbolism for those born in the final month of the year. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of each of these December birthstones.
A Shifting Tradition: The History of December Birthstones
The concept of associating specific gemstones with each month has ancient roots, though the specific assignments have varied considerably over time. Early birthstone lists, inspired by Biblical texts, initially designated ruby as the stone for December. However, this association gradually shifted. By the 19th century, turquoise began to emerge as the primary December birthstone, appearing in Tiffany & Co.’s 1870 “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet. The National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) continued this trend in 1912, listing turquoise as the primary stone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative.
The 20th century witnessed further additions to the December birthstone family. Zircon was added to the list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, recognizing its brilliance and variety of colors. The most recent addition, tanzanite, was officially recognized as a December birthstone in 2002, bringing a rare and luxurious option to the selection. This evolution demonstrates that birthstone lists are not static, but rather reflect changing tastes and the availability of gemstones. The current selection offers a range of options, from the ancient heritage of turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite.
Turquoise: An Ancient Stone of Protection
Turquoise, with its distinctive blue-green hue, is arguably the most historically significant of the December birthstones. Its use dates back millennia, with evidence of its adornment of pharaohs and rulers in ancient Egypt. Chinese artisans were also carving turquoise over 3,000 years ago. Throughout history, turquoise has been revered for its perceived protective powers. It was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and, from the 13th century onward, to safeguard against falls, particularly from horseback. Some cultures even believed the stone would change color or break into pieces to warn the wearer of impending disaster. Hindu mystics associated turquoise with wealth and prosperity when viewed after a new moon.
The color of turquoise varies depending on its mineral composition, ranging from intense sky blue to greenish-blue, often marked with veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock in which it formed. This matrix is often considered a desirable characteristic, adding to the stone’s unique character.
Zircon: A Brilliant Spectrum of Color
Zircon, often confused with cubic zirconia, is a naturally occurring gemstone known for its exceptional brilliance and fire. While it can be found in a variety of colors, including champagne, yellow, and orange, blue zircon is the most commonly associated with December. Historically, zircon was valued for its ability to mimic the appearance of diamonds.
Zircon’s brilliance stems from its high refractive index, which allows it to disperse light effectively. It has been used in jewelry for centuries, though its popularity waned somewhat with the advent of synthetic alternatives. However, natural zircon, particularly in its vibrant blue hues, remains a sought-after gemstone.
Tanzanite: A Modern Gem of Regal Beauty
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, officially recognized in 2002. This relatively recent discovery has quickly gained popularity due to its rare and captivating color-changing properties. Tanzanite exhibits pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle – typically shades of blue, violet, and burgundy.
Found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, its limited source contributes to its value and exclusivity. Tanzanite is often described as regal and luxurious, making it a popular choice for fine jewelry. It is believed to be a soothing and protective stone, facilitating the sharing of spiritual insights.
Blue Topaz: A Gentle and Versatile Gem
Blue topaz, a gentle and versatile gemstone, is another modern addition to the December birthstone selection. While topaz occurs in a wide range of colors, blue topaz is particularly favored for its calming and serene appearance. Often created through irradiation, blue topaz offers an affordable and accessible option for those seeking a blue gemstone.
In Hindu tradition, blue topaz is believed to stimulate self-esteem and enhance learning abilities. It is also associated with aligning meridians, calming emotions, and facilitating spiritual connection, making it a popular choice for meditation practices. However, Frank Darling, a jewelry company, no longer sets topaz as a central stone due to its physical properties, but will use it as a side stone.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
The four December birthstones exhibit distinct gemological properties. The following table summarizes key characteristics:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue-green, often with matrix | Opaque |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, champagne, yellow, orange, brown | Transparent to Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6-7 | Blue, violet, burgundy | Transparent |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | 8 | Blue | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own unique symbolism and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is associated with protection, good fortune, and healing. Zircon is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Tanzanite is thought to enhance intuition, spiritual awareness, and transformation. Blue topaz is associated with communication, serenity, and emotional balance. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones.
Care and Maintenance
The care required for each December birthstone varies depending on its hardness and other properties. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon and blue topaz, being harder, are more durable but can still be chipped or scratched. Tanzanite, while relatively hard, is prone to cleavage and should be protected from sudden impacts. Regular cleaning with mild soap and warm water is recommended for all four gemstones.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz – represent a rich tapestry of history, geology, and cultural significance. From the ancient protective powers attributed to turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, each gemstone offers a unique appeal. The diverse range of colors and properties ensures that there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and preference, making this month truly special for those born within it. The evolution of the December birthstone list itself highlights the dynamic nature of these traditions, reflecting changing tastes and the ongoing discovery of beautiful and meaningful gemstones.