Peridot, a captivating gem displaying shades of green, holds a prominent position as a birthstone for August. Formed under dramatic geological conditions – within hardened lava flows and even arriving from outer space via meteorites – this gemstone boasts a history stretching back millennia, interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations and enduring symbolism. While spinel and sardonyx also claim association with August, peridot remains the most widely recognized and celebrated birthstone for this summer month. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is deeply rooted in antiquity. Its origins are often misattributed, with historical confusion surrounding its identity with other green gems like topaz and emerald. In fact, the Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was actually a significant source of peridot. Ancient Egyptians prized peridot, mining it from Zabargad Island as early as the 2nd millennium BC. They referred to it as the “gem of the sun,” believing its radiant glow persisted even in darkness.
Evidence suggests peridot held a special place in the adornments of Egyptian royalty. Some historians speculate that the magnificent emeralds adorning Cleopatra’s collection were, in reality, peridot. This association with power and prestige continued through the ages. In medieval times, peridot was often used to decorate religious artifacts, notably the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, where 200 carats of what were once believed to be emeralds have been identified as peridot.
The gem’s history extends beyond Egypt. Hawaiian folklore connects peridot to Pele, the volcanic goddess, considering the stones to be her tears. More recently, in 2016, spinel was added as an alternative August birthstone by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association, marking an unprecedented change to the established birthstone list. However, peridot maintains its status as the classic and most traditional choice.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is intrinsically linked to intense geological activity. It is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, composed primarily of magnesium and iron. The presence of iron dictates the intensity of the green hue. Unlike many gemstones that form in the Earth’s crust, peridot originates deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions, specifically within the hardened lava flows.
Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered within Pallasite meteorites – stony-iron meteorites formed during the early stages of the solar system. While these meteoritic peridots are typically small and unsuitable for jewelry, their existence adds to the gem’s mystique.
Historically, Egypt, particularly Zabargad Island, was a primary source of peridot. However, significant deposits have also been found in other locations. Myanmar (Burma) is renowned for producing peridot with large cuts and rich color. Vietnam, with discoveries made in the 1990s, offers peridot in a variety of green shades. Other sources include the United States (particularly the American Southwest), Hawaii, and Pakistan.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a unique combination of gemological properties that contribute to its appeal. Its color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with the most desirable stones displaying a vibrant, intense green. The intensity of the color is directly related to the amount of iron present in the crystal structure.
While often compared to emerald, peridot possesses distinct characteristics. It has a refractive index that contributes to its sparkle, and is known as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light.
Here’s a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4 |
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-Green to Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still susceptible to scratches and requires careful handling. It is important to note that peridot can exhibit double refraction, a phenomenon where light splits into two rays as it passes through the gem, creating a slightly blurred appearance when viewing through the stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. The ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers and associated it with the sun. In more recent times, peridot is often linked to good health, peace, and harmony. It is considered a “gem of compassion,” believed to foster renewal and positive energy.
Metaphysical practitioners suggest that peridot can promote restful sleep, calm anger, and even alleviate depression. It is also associated with the heart chakra, believed to enhance emotional well-being. For couples celebrating their 15th wedding anniversary, peridot is the traditional gemstone, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials and can be damaged by harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. The best way to clean peridot jewelry is with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or steam cleaners. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and protect its delicate surface.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, is a gem steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day appeal, peridot continues to enchant with its vibrant color and unique properties. Its formation within volcanic lava and even within meteorites adds to its mystique, while its association with health, peace, and compassion resonates with those who cherish its beauty. Whether admired for its aesthetic qualities or valued for its metaphysical properties, peridot remains a treasured gemstone with a legacy spanning millennia.