October boasts the unique distinction of having two recognized birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Both gems offer a dazzling array of colors and possess a rich history, making them meaningful and popular choices for those born in the tenth month of the year. While opal holds the position as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline has gained prominence as the modern alternative, offering a vibrant spectrum of hues for jewelry enthusiasts to enjoy.
History and Lore
Opal’s history stretches back millennia, with its name originating from the Sanskrit word “upala,” meaning “precious stone,” which evolved into “opalus” in Latin. Ancient cultures attributed magical qualities to opals, believing they contained lightning or granted prophetic powers and protection. The gem was highly valued and sourced from India, serving as a significant trade item to the Western world. Its association with luck dates back centuries, and it became officially recognized as the October birthstone by the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association in 1912. Beyond its birthstone status, opal is also traditionally gifted to celebrate a 14th wedding anniversary.
Tourmaline, while a more recent addition to the October birthstone family, also has a fascinating past. In the late 19th century, the Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi developed a particular fondness for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly the entire production from California mines. She continued to cherish the gem even after her death, being buried with a pink tourmaline pillow and her remaining collection transformed into intricate carvings.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal’s formation is a unique geological process. It is found in diverse locations, notably Ethiopia and Australia, each contributing to the gem’s distinctive character and hues. Australia is by far the most significant source, accounting for over 95% of the world’s opal supply. Within Australia, specific regions yield unique varieties: white opal from Coober Pedy and White Cliffs, and boulder opal from Queensland, characterized by its reddish hue due to the presence of ironstone. Lightning Ridge, also in Australia, is renowned for its black opal, considered among the rarest and most prized varieties.
Mexico, specifically the state of Querétaro, is another important source, producing fire opal, which is often translucent with a base color ranging from yellow to red. These can be either precious (displaying iridescence) or common (lacking iridescence, and known as jelly opals).
Pink tourmaline, as a variety of the tourmaline group, forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. The gem contains a diverse variety of elements, with most jewelry-quality tourmalines consisting primarily of the mineral elbaite.
Gemological Properties
Opal is celebrated for its “play-of-color,” a shifting rainbow effect within the gem that distinguishes it from other gemstones. No two opals are exactly alike, with color play inspiring comparisons to fireworks, galaxies, and volcanic sunsets. The kaleidoscope of hues within opal changes with the light and viewing angle, offering a unique visual experience. Black opal, with its dark background, accentuates the play-of-color, giving it a dignified appearance.
Tourmaline, particularly pink tourmaline, showcases a striking pink hue with variations throughout the color spectrum. Notably, tourmaline occurs in a wide range of colors, and some crystals even exhibit multiple colors, known as watermelon tourmaline.
While the provided sources do not detail specific hardness, refractive index, or chemical composition, they emphasize the visual characteristics that define these gems.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Historically, opal has been a symbol of purity, hope, and truth. Its shifting colors have been interpreted as representing a change in fortune, leading to both positive and negative associations throughout history.
Tourmaline’s many colors have been linked to artistic inspiration, reflecting the gem’s vibrant and diverse nature. The Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi’s devotion to pink tourmaline suggests a connection to beauty, luxury, and perhaps even power.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for either opal or tourmaline. However, given opal’s unique structure and play-of-color, it is reasonable to assume it requires careful handling to avoid scratching or damage. Similarly, tourmaline, while generally durable, should be protected from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Conclusion
Opal and tourmaline, the dual birthstones of October, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Opal, with its ancient origins and mesmerizing play-of-color, remains a cherished traditional birthstone. Pink tourmaline, as the modern alternative, offers a vibrant and diverse range of hues, appealing to contemporary tastes. Both gems provide a unique and meaningful way to celebrate October birthdays and appreciate the wonders of the natural world.