December boasts a trio of captivating birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Among these, tanzanite stands out as a relatively recent discovery, celebrated for its striking violet, blue, and purple hues. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and care of tanzanite, exploring its significance as a December birthstone and a gemstone of increasing popularity.
History and Lore
Tanzanite is a gemstone of modern origin compared to many others steeped in ancient lore. Its discovery occurred relatively recently, making its historical narrative shorter but no less compelling. While ancient civilizations revered turquoise for millennia, and zircon has a long history of use, tanzanite’s story begins in the late 1960s.
The gemstone’s name originates from Tanzania, the East African country where it is exclusively found. Though local Maasai tribes were aware of the presence of the blue-violet stones, they attributed no particular significance to them. It was Tiffany & Co. that recognized its potential, naming it “tanzanite” after its country of origin and launching a marketing campaign that propelled it to international fame.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. This limited geographical source contributes to its rarity and value. The gemstone forms within a complex geological environment characterized by metamorphic rocks. It begins as brownish zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate mineral, and requires heat treatment to reveal its characteristic blue to violet colors. This heat treatment is a standard practice and results in a permanent color change, with no additional durability concerns.
The geological conditions necessary for tanzanite formation are exceptionally rare, leading gemologists to believe that the supply of this gemstone is finite. This scarcity further enhances its appeal to collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with a chemical formula of Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH). It typically exhibits a trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle and lighting conditions. This pleochroism is a defining characteristic of the gem and contributes to its captivating appearance.
Here's a summary of its key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6 to 7 |
| Color | Blue, Violet, Purple |
| Crystal System | Triclinic |
| Refractive Index | Not specified in sources |
| Specific Gravity | Not specified in sources |
Tanzanite’s hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, but it is susceptible to scratching and abrasion. It is also sensitive to high temperatures and sudden temperature changes, which can cause cracking. Hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids can also attack the gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While tanzanite lacks the extensive historical symbolism associated with older gemstones like turquoise, it has quickly acquired its own set of meanings. It is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. Some believe it facilitates communication with the spiritual realm and enhances psychic abilities.
Turquoise, another December birthstone, carries a rich history of symbolism. The Apache believed turquoise could be found by following a rainbow, and that it improved accuracy with bows and firearms. The Pueblo people associated its color with the sky, while the Hopi believed it was created by lizards. In European tradition, gifting a turquoise ring symbolized remembrance. In Tibet, it is considered a national treasure believed to bring health, good fortune, and protection.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and sensitivity to heat and chemicals, tanzanite requires careful handling and cleaning. It is best suited for settings in earrings or pendants, minimizing the risk of abrasion. While it can be worn in rings, protective mountings are recommended, and daily wear should be avoided.
Cleaning tanzanite is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they can damage the gemstone. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Tanzanite in Jewelry
Tanzanite’s versatility allows it to be paired with various metals, including gold, silver, and platinum. It particularly shines when combined with diamonds, enhancing its brilliance and creating a luxurious aesthetic. Jewelry designs range from simple solitaire studs and pendants to elaborate halo settings and intricate necklaces. The gemstone’s ability to showcase different colors under varying light conditions makes it a captivating centerpiece for any jewelry piece.
December Birthstone Options
December-born individuals have the luxury of choosing from three distinct birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Blue topaz is also frequently marketed as a December birthstone. Turquoise, with its long history and connection to various cultures, offers a more traditional choice. Zircon, available in a rainbow of colors, provides a vibrant alternative. However, tanzanite’s unique color and relative rarity make it a particularly desirable option for those seeking a gemstone that is both beautiful and distinctive.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, has quickly established itself as a highly sought-after December birthstone. Its captivating violet-blue hues, coupled with its limited geographical source, contribute to its allure and value. While its historical lore is still developing, tanzanite is increasingly associated with transformation and spiritual awareness. With proper care and handling, this gemstone will continue to enchant jewelry lovers and gemstone enthusiasts for generations to come.