August is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot and sardonyx have historical precedence, spinel was officially added as an August birthstone in 2016, offering a wider range of choices for those born in this summer month. Each gemstone carries its own distinct history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, making August birthdays particularly rich in gemological significance. This article will explore the characteristics of each of these stones, delving into their historical use, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism.
History and Lore
The history of August birthstones is complex, marked by instances of mistaken identity and evolving traditions. Sardonyx holds the longest claim as an August birthstone, with references dating back over 4,000 years. It was featured in the high priest’s breastplate and among the foundation stones of Jerusalem, signifying its importance in ancient times.
Peridot’s history is intertwined with that of topaz, as the ancient sources of the gem, particularly the island of Topazios in the Red Sea, were often misidentified. What was believed to be topaz was, in many cases, actually peridot. Cleopatra herself was rumored to have adorned herself with peridot, believing it to be emeralds. Throughout history, peridot has been associated with royalty and power. It is also traditionally given as a gift to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary.
Spinel, while a beautiful and durable gemstone, was historically mistaken for ruby, particularly in the context of royal jewelry. For centuries, red spinel was often incorporated into crowns and other significant pieces, believed to be the more valuable ruby. It wasn’t until the 19th century that spinel was recognized as a distinct mineral species. Its recent addition as an official August birthstone reflects a growing appreciation for its unique qualities.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world.
Peridot is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It can also be found in meteorites, specifically Pallasite meteorites, though these stones are typically too small for jewelry use. While found in various locations, significant sources of peridot include Myanmar, Egypt, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It is found in a variety of colors and locations, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, and Tajikistan.
Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is formed through the banding of chalcedony, a form of silica. Its reddish-brown color with white banding is characteristic. Major sources of sardonyx include India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Gemological Properties
The three August birthstones differ significantly in their gemological properties, contributing to their unique appearances and values.
Peridot: The chemical formula for peridot is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is composed primarily of magnesium, iron, and silicon. It is a variety of the mineral olivine. Peridot’s color ranges from yellowish-green to olive green, dependent on the amount of iron present. It has a glassy luster and a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching.
Spinel: Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide with the formula MgAl2O4. It is known for its vibrant colors, including red, pink, blue, and black. Spinel boasts a Mohs hardness of 8, making it more durable than peridot and suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a vitreous luster.
Sardonyx: Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of silica. Its color is typically reddish-brown with white bands. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, similar to peridot, and a waxy luster.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Mohs Hardness | Luster | Color |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | 6.5 - 7 | Vitreous | Yellowish-green to Olive Green |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | 8 | Vitreous | Red, Pink, Blue, Black |
| Sardonyx | SiO2 | 6.5 - 7 | Waxy | Reddish-Brown with White Bands |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Peridot has long been associated with good fortune and is believed to ward off evil spirits. It is sometimes referred to as the “sun gem” due to its vibrant color. It is thought to bring prosperity and good cheer to its wearer.
Spinel is believed to revitalize the body and mind, offering protection from nightmares and promoting courage. Its vibrant colors are often associated with passion and energy.
Sardonyx is associated with courage, happiness, and clear communication. It was historically used as a protective amulet and was believed to promote strength and endurance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these August birthstones.
Peridot, with its moderate hardness, requires gentle handling. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone.
Spinel, being more durable, can withstand more rigorous cleaning. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, a soft brush, and ultrasonic cleaners. However, avoid sudden temperature changes.
Sardonyx should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners, as these can dull its luster.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a diverse and fascinating collection of gemstones. From the ancient origins of sardonyx and the historical misidentification of peridot to the recent recognition of spinel’s unique beauty, each stone carries a rich history and symbolic meaning. Their varying geological formations and gemological properties contribute to their individual appeal, offering a wide range of choices for those born in the eighth month of the year. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.