For centuries, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty, rarity, and the stories they hold. The tradition of associating specific stones with each month of the year, known as birthstones, adds another layer of meaning, offering a personal connection to these natural wonders. August and September each boast stones steeped in history and symbolism. August is uniquely represented by three birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – while September is traditionally associated with the esteemed sapphire. This article will explore the geological origins, historical significance, and gemological properties of these captivating gemstones, drawing upon established knowledge within the field.
A Trio for August: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
August stands out as having multiple designated birthstones, a practice reflecting both historical traditions and more recent additions to the modern birthstone chart. While peridot and sardonyx have long been recognized as August stones, spinel has recently gained prominence, officially named by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) as a modern alternative. This offers a wider range of choices for those born in this month.
The Allure of Sapphire: September’s Timeless Gem
September’s birthstone, sapphire, enjoys a long and illustrious history. Traditionally symbolizing sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility, sapphire has been revered for millennia. The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word sappheiros, and while blue is the most recognizable color, sapphires actually occur in a spectrum of hues.
Historical Significance and Lore
The history of these birthstones is interwoven with tales of royalty, religious significance, and protective powers. Peridot’s story stretches back to ancient Egypt, where it was mined on the island of Zabargad, then known as Topazios, as early as 340–279 BCE. Despite the harsh conditions of the island, earning it ominous names like “Island of Death,” the peridot produced there was highly prized. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included peridot. Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot was used in ecclesiastical settings, adorning chalices and churches, and was believed to ward off evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” It is also the traditional gem given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, boasts a history dating back over 4,000 years. Its use in ancient carvings and jewelry demonstrates its early appreciation.
Sapphire’s historical significance is equally profound. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires protected owners from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, sapphire was favored by clergy, symbolizing Heaven, and was thought to possess healing properties, including curing plague boils and eye diseases, and acting as an antidote to poison. Ancient Persians even believed the earth rested on a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color.
Spinel, while historically mistaken for ruby, has its own rich past, gaining recognition as a distinct gemstone more recently. It has become a favorite among gem collectors and dealers due to its brilliance and sparkle.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these birthstones occurs through diverse geological processes. Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites. Current sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States, with the Egyptian island of Zabargad remaining a historically significant location.
Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is characterized by its reddish-brown color and white banding. It is sourced from India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Sapphires, belonging to the corundum mineral family, form in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Key sources include Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Kashmir, Madagascar, and Australia.
Spinel’s origins are varied, often found in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits.
Gemological Properties
Each of these birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Peridot: This gem is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow variety of the mineral olivine. The most sought-after peridot stones exhibit a lime green or olive-green hue.
Sardonyx: A type of onyx, sardonyx is characterized by its reddish-brown color and white banding, giving it a stone-like appearance.
Sapphire: A variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide), sapphire is renowned for its hardness. While most commonly known in blue, it occurs in a rainbow of colors.
Spinel: This gemstone is known for its wonderful brilliance and sparkle.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ | Reddish-brown with white bands | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ | Typically blue, but can be various colors | 9 |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Various, including red, blue, pink | 8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot has long been considered a protective talisman, shielding the wearer from negative energies. Sapphire symbolizes sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other meaningful jewelry. Sardonyx is believed to promote courage and strength. Spinel, while newer to the birthstone list, is associated with revitalization and renewal.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these gemstones. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, requires gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, can be cleaned similarly. Sapphire, being a very hard stone (9 on the Mohs scale), is durable but should still be protected from scratches and sudden temperature changes. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is also relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water.
Conclusion
The August and September birthstones – peridot, spinel, sardonyx, and sapphire – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient mines of Zabargad to the royal courts of Europe, these gemstones have captivated and inspired for centuries. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their historical significance, or their perceived metaphysical properties, these birthstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of those who appreciate the enduring allure of the natural world.