December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but five recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, topaz, and lapis lazuli. This abundance offers a diverse palette of color, price points, and historical significance for those born in the final month of the year. While modern lists often highlight blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite, the traditional stones of turquoise and lapis lazuli maintain a strong presence, reflecting a rich and enduring legacy. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with these captivating December birthstones.
A History Rooted in Tradition and Modern Discovery
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month dates back centuries, evolving from ancient beliefs to the formalized lists of the 20th century. The official birthstone list, as recognized in the United States, was established in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association, now known as Jewelers of America. However, the practice of attributing meaning and power to gemstones predates this standardization by millennia.
Turquoise and lapis lazuli represent the traditional December birthstones, deeply embedded in ancient cultures. Lapis lazuli, with its intense blue hue, was revered in ancient civilizations as a stone of truth and enlightenment, believed to enhance intellectual abilities. Turquoise, similarly, has been valued for centuries as a talisman for protection and a symbol of good fortune. Both stones were utilized in jewelry and ornamentation, reflecting their cultural importance.
Zircon, topaz, and tanzanite represent more recent additions to the December birthstone family. Zircon, in fact, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, possessing significant geological and historical value. Tanzanite is a particularly modern discovery, found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a relatively recent addition to the gemstone world.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are as varied as the stones themselves. Turquoise forms in relatively shallow deposits, often as a secondary mineral in volcanic rocks. It is found in arid regions, notably in Iran, Egypt, and the southwestern United States. Lapis lazuli, similarly, forms in metamorphic rocks and is primarily sourced from Afghanistan, though it is also found in Russia and Chile.
Zircon is a widespread mineral, found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Significant sources include Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia. Topaz is typically found in igneous rocks and is mined in Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This limited geographical source contributes to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
- Turquoise: Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix (veins of other minerals) present. It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
- Lapis Lazuli: Characterized by its deep azure blue color, often flecked with pyrite (fool’s gold). It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
- Zircon: Exhibits a remarkable “fire” – a dispersion of light that creates flashes of color. It comes in a variety of colors, including blue, brown, red, and green, with a hardness of 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Topaz: Known for its clarity and range of colors, including blue, yellow, brown, and pink. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Tanzanite: Displays a unique trichroism, meaning it exhibits three different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) depending on the viewing angle. It has a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Sky blue to greenish-blue | 5-6 | Often contains matrix |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep azure blue | 5-6 | Often flecked with pyrite |
| Zircon | Blue, brown, red, green | 6.5-7.5 | High fire (dispersion) |
| Topaz | Blue, yellow, brown, pink | 8 | Excellent clarity |
| Tanzanite | Blue, violet, burgundy | 6.5-7 | Trichroism (displays three colors) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Lapis lazuli, revered for its association with wisdom and royalty, was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge.
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors, and is considered a stone of prosperity and wisdom. Blue topaz is known for its calming and serene colors, believed to promote communication and emotional balance. Tanzanite, with its unique blue to violet hues, is thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and vibrancy of these December birthstones. Turquoise and lapis lazuli, being relatively soft, are susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning these stones should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Zircon, topaz, and tanzanite are more durable but should still be handled with care. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stones. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is advisable to consult a professional jeweler for more extensive cleaning or repairs.
The Appeal of Choice
The multiple birthstones assigned to December offer a unique opportunity for personalization. Whether one is drawn to the traditional allure of turquoise and lapis lazuli, the vibrant blues of zircon and topaz, or the captivating trichroism of tanzanite, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and preference. The variety in color, price, and historical significance ensures that each stone holds a special meaning for those born in the twelfth month of the year.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, topaz, and lapis lazuli – represent a fascinating blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery. From the historical significance of turquoise and lapis lazuli to the unique geological origins of tanzanite, each stone offers a captivating story. Their diverse gemological properties and symbolic meanings contribute to their enduring appeal, making them cherished gemstones for those born in December and beyond. These stones are more than just beautiful adornments; they are tangible connections to history, culture, and the natural world.