December is uniquely represented by not one, but two captivating gemstones: blue topaz and blue zircon. Both are designated as Avery Birthstones for this month, offering a spectrum of blue hues and distinct characteristics that have captivated people for centuries. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these December birthstones, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Garnet holds a long and storied past, with its use dating back to the Nile Delta around 3100 B.C. Ancient Egyptian artisans skillfully crafted garnets into beads and incorporated them into intricate jewelry. Legend attributes to garnet the ability to illuminate the night, and tales surrounding The Ark suggest Noah utilized a garnet as a lamp during his voyage. The name “garnet” itself originates from the ancient Greek word for pomegranate seed, “granatum,” a reference to the gem’s characteristic red color. While James Avery jewelry generally features red-violet to red-brown garnets, the stone’s historical significance remains consistent.
Blue zircon also boasts a rich history, particularly within medieval lore. It was believed to aid sleep, bestow prosperity, and promote honor and wisdom upon its wearer. The name “zircon” is thought to derive from the Persian word “zargun,” meaning “gold-colored,” reflecting the gem’s potential for warm, golden tones before enhancement.
Amethyst, the birthstone for February, also has a regal past. Treasured by ancient kings and emperors, it was often considered a symbol of royalty, even surpassing diamonds in value at times. Known as the “Bishop’s Stone,” amethyst was frequently worn by bishops to represent their victory over worldly temptations.
Geological Formation and Sources
Blue topaz, as commonly found today, owes its color to a modern enhancement process. While naturally occurring topaz is often colorless, it undergoes irradiation to achieve a brown hue, followed by heating to produce the desired sky-blue shade. This enhancement is a permanent alteration to the stone. The primary sources for topaz, both colorless and for enhancement, are Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Australia.
Blue zircon’s color is also frequently achieved through heat enhancement, transforming the mineral zircon into the sought-after blue variety. Major sources of zircon are located in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Garnets are sourced from a variety of locations, with the east Coast of Africa being a primary source. Smaller deposits are also found in the United States and the Czech Republic.
Spinel, a gemstone historically confused with ruby, is found in Myanmar (Burma) and Sri Lanka. Lab-created spinel has been available since the 1920s, offering an alternative to natural sources.
Aventurine, a translucent quartz, is mined across a wide geographical range, including Brazil, Chile, India, Austria, Spain, Russia, and Tanzania. It is often stabilized with wax or polymer to enhance its finish.
Gemological Properties
Both blue topaz and blue zircon possess distinct gemological properties. Blue topaz ranks 8 on the Mohs Scale of Hardness, indicating excellent durability and resistance to scratching.
Blue zircon, while also durable, is slightly softer, registering 7.5 on the Mohs Scale. This makes it more susceptible to abrasion and requires careful handling.
Garnet’s hardness ranges from 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs Scale.
Spinel also scores an 8 on the Mohs Scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications.
Aventurine, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7, is less durable than topaz or spinel and requires more careful protection.
Amethyst, a variety of quartz, has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs Scale.
Lepidolite, a mica mineral, is significantly softer, ranging from 2.5 to 4 on the Mohs Scale. Its layered structure gives it a unique glimmer, but it is also more fragile.
Apatite, varying in color, is ranked 5 on the Mohs Scale. Transparent stones are often stabilized with wax or polymer.
The following table summarizes the Mohs Hardness Scale comparison for these gemstones:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | 8 |
| Blue Zircon | 7.5 |
| Garnet | 7 - 7.5 |
| Spinel | 8 |
| Aventurine | 6.5 - 7 |
| Amethyst | 7 |
| Lepidolite | 2.5 - 4 |
| Apatite | 5 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Blue zircon, in the Middle Ages, was associated with aiding sleep, bringing prosperity, and fostering honor and wisdom. These beliefs highlight the stone’s perceived power to influence well-being and character.
Garnet, historically, was believed to illuminate the night and was associated with protection and guidance, as symbolized by Noah’s use of it on The Ark.
Amethyst, as the “Bishop’s Stone,” symbolized triumph over worldly vices and was associated with spiritual clarity and protection.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness, blue topaz is relatively easy to care for. However, it is advisable to avoid direct sunlight or prolonged exposure to extreme heat, as these conditions can cause damage and fading.
Blue zircon, being slightly softer, requires more careful handling to prevent abrasion. Avoid rough wear and protect it from scratches.
Aventurine, often wax or polymer stabilized, should be kept away from chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and extreme heat.
Lepidolite, also stabilized, requires similar precautions, avoiding harsh chemicals, high temperatures, and strong pressure.
Apatite, frequently stabilized, should also be protected from chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and heat.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones, blue topaz and blue zircon, represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From ancient legends to modern enhancements, these gemstones continue to fascinate and inspire. While garnet, amethyst, spinel, aventurine, and lepidolite offer additional options for those seeking a December-themed gem, the enduring appeal of blue topaz and blue zircon solidifies their place as cherished symbols of this winter month. Their unique properties and rich histories make them meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment.