December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by having not one, but four recognized birthstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each gem possesses a distinct color, history, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse selection for those born in the twelfth month of the year. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these December birthstones, exploring their origins, properties, and cultural significance.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year dates back centuries, evolving over time. Turquoise holds the longest history as a December birthstone, having been revered for millennia. Ancient civilizations, including those in Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and among Native American tribes, adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it offered protection, peace, and prosperity. Some cultures even believed turquoise could ward off evil and guarantee good health.
Zircon also boasts a long history of use, being among the earliest minerals mined by humans. While not always specifically linked to December throughout history, its enduring presence in jewelry and ornamentation speaks to its ancient appeal.
Blue Topaz and Tanzanite are relatively recent additions to the December birthstone family. Blue Topaz gained prominence in the 20th century, aided by advancements in treatment methods that enhanced its blue coloration. Tanzanite, discovered in Tanzania in 1967, is the newest of the four, quickly gaining popularity for its vibrant hues and rarity. While lacking the extensive lore of older stones, Tanzanite has rapidly acquired associations with transformation and spiritual awareness.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these December birthstones originates from unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the globe.
Blue Topaz is commonly sourced from Brazil, which is currently the largest producer. Additional deposits are found in Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and China. The gem belongs to the silicate family, containing aluminum and fluorine.
Turquoise is mined in the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and Nevada. Historically significant sources also include Iran (known for Persian turquoise) and China. Its formation involves a complex process of weathering and hydrothermal activity.
Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This limited geographical origin contributes to its value and desirability.
Zircon is sourced from Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Australia. It is a zirconium silicate mineral, known for its ability to exhibit a wide range of colors.
Gemological Properties
Each birthstone possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and durability.
Blue Topaz: This gem exhibits a glass-like luster and a Mohs hardness of 8, making it relatively resistant to scratching and suitable for everyday wear. It has a stellar scratch resistance level. The color ranges from pale sky blue to deep London Blue, the latter inspired by a large stone exhibited at the UK Natural History Museum.
Turquoise: Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, displaying colors ranging from blue to green, often with matrix (remnants of the host rock) visible as veins. Its hardness is lower than Topaz, typically ranging from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
Tanzanite: This gem is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. Its hardness is around 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Zircon: Zircon exhibits a wide range of colors, including blue, green, yellow, and brown. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and a strong refractive index, contributing to its brilliance.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 8 | Vitreous | Blue (Sky Blue, London Blue) |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Waxy to Vitreous | Blue to Green, often with matrix |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6.5-7 | Vitreous | Blue, Violet, Burgundy (Trichroic) |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5-7.5 | Adamantine | Blue, Green, Yellow, Brown, Colorless |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise has long been considered a symbol of protection, peace, and prosperity. Ancient cultures believed it could safeguard against evil and guarantee good fortune.
Blue Topaz is associated with clear communication and is often seen as a stone of inspiration and creativity.
Tanzanite is believed to facilitate transformation and spiritual awareness, activating the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras. Some believe it can enhance psychic abilities and connect the wearer to higher dimensions.
Zircon symbolizes wisdom and prosperity, reflecting its ancient origins and enduring appeal.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and durability of each December birthstone.
Blue Topaz, with its high hardness, is relatively easy to care for. Routine cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is generally sufficient.
Turquoise is more delicate due to its lower hardness and porous nature. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to sunlight. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap is recommended.
Tanzanite requires careful handling due to its sensitivity to heat and chemicals. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents. Cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is advised.
Zircon should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they may damage the stone.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon – offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient traditions surrounding Turquoise to the modern appeal of Tanzanite, each gem holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Whether seeking a durable and vibrant gem like Blue Topaz, a historically significant stone like Turquoise, a transformative crystal like Tanzanite, or a symbol of wisdom like Zircon, those born in December have a wealth of beautiful options to choose from. These diverse gems continue to captivate and inspire, representing the beauty and complexity of the natural world.