Tanzanite is a captivating gemstone celebrated as a primary birthstone for December, alongside turquoise and zircon. Distinguished by its rich blue and violet hues, tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the world of colored gemstones, yet it quickly gained prominence following its discovery in the late 1960s. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gem, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
While birthstone traditions are ancient, the recognition of tanzanite as a December birthstone is a modern development. The practice of associating specific gemstones with each month evolved from ancestral beliefs that rare gems possessed protective and beneficial powers. Selecting a gem corresponding to one’s birth month was thought to bestow properties such as protection, fortune, serenity, and happiness. Tanzanite’s inclusion as a December birthstone reflects this enduring tradition.
The story of tanzanite began in 1967 when Manuel de Souza, a local tailor and prospector, discovered the gem in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. Initially mistaken for sapphire due to its vibrant color, the stone was later identified as a variety of the mineral zoisite. It wasn’t until 1967 that the primary source of this December birthstone was located. Recognizing its potential, Tiffany & Co. became the main distributor of tanzanite and launched a major advertising campaign in 1968, successfully introducing the gem to an international audience. The name “tanzanite” was bestowed in honor of its country of origin, Tanzania. Today, it is also recognized as the gem for the 24th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite’s geological uniqueness is a key factor in its value and desirability. Unlike many other gemstones found in multiple locations worldwide, tanzanite is found commercially only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro, within the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited geographical source contributes significantly to its rarity. The landscape surrounding the mines is characterized by grass-covered hillsides, scrub brush, and rocky soil. Mining operations, both mechanized and artisanal, extend over 100 meters (more than 300 feet) into the earth.
The gem originates from the mineral zoisite. In its rough state, tanzanite often exhibits a reddish-to-brown color. A crucial step in revealing its characteristic blue and violet hues is heat treatment, which removes the brownish veil and brings out the desired color tones. This heat treatment is a standard practice and does not raise any additional durability concerns. The resulting color is considered permanent.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is prized for its vivid colors, high clarity, and potential for large cut stones. Its color ranges from a pure, rich blue to violet, with the blue shades generally considered the most valuable. The gem is often described as “velvety” due to its deep and saturated color. A notable characteristic of tanzanite is its trichroism – the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. This play of colors adds to its vibrancy and visual appeal.
Regarding durability, tanzanite registers between 6 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This places it within a range where it is resistant to the effects of normal heat, light, and common chemicals. However, it can crack if exposed to very high temperatures or sudden temperature changes and is susceptible to abrasion. It can also be attacked by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Zoisite |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6-7 |
| Color | Blue to Violet |
| Trichroism | Displays different colors from angles |
| Treatment | Commonly heat-treated to enhance color |
| Origin | Merelani Hills, Tanzania |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While specific metaphysical beliefs associated with tanzanite are not extensively detailed in the available sources, the broader context of birthstone symbolism suggests positive attributes. Generally, birthstones are believed to offer their bearers properties such as protection, fortune, serenity, and happiness. Specifically, tanzanite is associated with the heart, intellect, intuition, and purity.
The symbolism of December’s other birthstones – turquoise, representing loyalty, great love, health, good fortune, and peace, and blue zircon, symbolizing chastity, virtuousness, and trustworthiness – further enriches the meaning of being born in this month.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of tanzanite jewelry. Due to its moderate hardness, tanzanite is prone to scratching and is best suited for settings in earrings or pendants, minimizing the risk of abrasion. While not recommended for daily wear in a ring, it can be worn as a special-occasion jewel with a protective mounting and careful handling.
Cleaning tanzanite is best achieved with warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should never be used, as they can damage the gemstone. Gentle cleaning with a soft brush and mild soap will help preserve its brilliance.
Conclusion
Tanzanite stands as a remarkable gemstone, distinguished by its captivating color, limited geographical origin, and relatively recent discovery. As a December birthstone, it embodies the season’s shades of blue and violet, offering a unique and treasured gift. Its association with the heart, intellect, and intuition adds to its symbolic significance. With proper care and appreciation, tanzanite jewelry can be cherished for generations, representing a rare and beautiful connection to the earth’s geological wonders.