December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, offering a selection of gems rather than a single designated stone. While Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite are prominently recognized as December birthstones, Sapphire also holds a special association with the month, specifically as an apostle birthstone. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these December gems, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the significance of these beautiful stones.
A History of December’s Gems
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months has ancient roots, often linked to the twelve stones on Aaron’s breastplate or the foundation stones of New Jerusalem as described in biblical texts. Modern birthstone lists, however, have evolved, and several variations exist. The selection of December birthstones reflects this diversity, encompassing both traditional and more recently discovered gems.
Turquoise has a long and storied history, admired for centuries for its unique color and spiritual properties. Chalcedony, a variety of quartz, was also historically associated with December, with ancient civilizations recognizing its various forms like agate, onyx, and jasper. Blue Chalcedony, in particular, was referred to as sapphirine and sometimes confused with sapphire itself, holding significance in Persian monarchy as a signet stone.
Tanzanite is a more recent addition to the birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its relatively recent discovery means it lacks the extensive historical lore of older gems, but its captivating color and unique origin have quickly established its popularity. Zircon, while often overshadowed by diamonds due to its similar brilliance, has been known and utilized for centuries, with variations in color offering a range of aesthetic choices.
Sapphire’s connection to December is specifically as a special apostle birthstone, indicating a less common, but still recognized, association with the month. Sapphire itself has a rich history, referred to as “the gem of soul and autumn” and linked to the planets Saturn and Jupiter.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise forms in relatively shallow deposits, often near copper mines, and is found in arid regions. Zircon is frequently located near sapphire sources, with notable deposits in Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. Sapphire, while found in many locations globally, is often associated with alluvial deposits, meaning it’s found in riverbeds and sediments where it has been eroded from its original volcanic host rock.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
Turquoise: Composition not specified in sources. Zircon: Ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, Zircon is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Heat treatment can sometimes be reversed with prolonged light exposure, causing a return to a light brown color. It is generally stable when exposed to chemicals. Tanzanite: Displays a mesmerizing array of hues from deep sapphire blue to a vibrant violet-blue, sometimes with subtle variations of purple and hints of red. Sapphire: A variety of the mineral corundum, Sapphire is second only to diamond in hardness, making it a durable gemstone suitable for jewelry. It is named after the Greek word "sapphirus," meaning blue, but occurs in many colors.
Here's a table summarizing the hardness of the gems mentioned:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Zircon | 6 - 7.5 |
| Sapphire | 9 (second to Diamond) |
| Turquoise | Not specified |
| Tanzanite | Not specified |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been cherished for its spiritual and healing qualities by ancient cultures. Tanzanite is believed to possess high-vibration healing energy and is considered a manifestation magnet, linked to spiritual awareness and wisdom. It is also a traditional gift for a 24th wedding anniversary.
The blue hues of Tanzanite are associated with spirituality, connecting to both heavens and life-giving water, providing physical and emotional vitality. Purple shades symbolize nobility and strength, historically linked to royalty, and connect to the Crown Chakra, representing wisdom and intuition.
Zircon, while less explicitly detailed in the provided sources regarding symbolism, is presented as a gem offering a variety of colors, each potentially carrying its own unique energy. Sapphire, historically, was aligned with the planets Saturn and Jupiter, and its blue color is often associated with tranquility and wisdom.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be protected from rough conditions. Cleaning can be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for Turquoise, Tanzanite, or Sapphire, but given Sapphire’s hardness, it is likely more durable and less prone to scratching than Zircon. However, all gemstones benefit from gentle cleaning with mild soap and water.
The Lore of Tanzanite’s Discovery
The discovery of Tanzanite is itself a captivating story. Legend has it that a Masai tribesman discovered unusually colored crystals that shouldn't have been visible in their natural state. Some believe a lightning strike caused a wildfire that naturally heat-treated the gems, revealing their vibrant colors. This origin story connects Tanzanite to the wild power and magic of nature. The most famous Tanzanite, the “Queen of Kilimanjaro,” is a rare 242-carat masterpiece set in a king cobra-inspired design with tsavorite garnets and diamonds.
Sapphire’s Historical Context
Sapphire, named after the Greek word for blue, has been revered for centuries. Its durability, second only to diamond, makes it an ideal gemstone for jewelry. Historically, it was associated with nobility and wisdom, and continues to be a popular choice for both its beauty and symbolic significance.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a diverse and captivating selection of gems, each with its unique history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient allure of Turquoise and Zircon to the modern mystique of Tanzanite and the enduring elegance of Sapphire, these stones provide a meaningful range of options for those born in the twelfth month of the year. The choice ultimately rests with the individual, allowing them to select the gem that resonates most deeply with their personality and spirit.