The ruby, a gemstone steeped in history and symbolism, holds a prominent place as the birthstone for July. Revered for its vibrant red hue, often described as “pigeon’s blood,” this captivating gem has been prized by cultures across the globe for millennia. Its association with passion, protection, and power has cemented its status as a gemstone of kings and a cherished symbol of love. This article will delve into the ruby’s history, geological origins, gemological properties, cultural significance, and practical considerations for its care.
History and Lore
The history of the ruby stretches back to antiquity, with evidence of its appreciation dating back to ancient India, China, and the Roman Empire. Early civilizations attributed mystical properties to the ruby, believing it to be the petrified blood of dragons – a testament to its fiery appearance. In ancient India, rubies were considered symbols of vitality and were often incorporated into jewelry and religious artifacts. The stone also found its way along the North Silk Road around 200 B.C. and was noted in classical Greek texts by the first century A.D.
The term “ruby” itself is derived from the Latin word ruber or Rubeus, meaning red, a direct reference to the gem’s defining characteristic. Throughout history, rubies have been associated with royalty and nobility, earning the moniker “the gem of kings.” This association stems not only from its rarity and beauty but also from the belief that possessing a ruby conferred power and protection upon its owner.
Rubies have long been linked to the concepts of passion and love. They were frequently used in engagement rings and other jewelry intended to symbolize deep affection and commitment. The ruby is also the traditional gemstone for the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, further reinforcing its connection to enduring love and a vibrant life.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies belong to the corundum mineral family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Their characteristic red color is a result of the presence of chromium within the mineral structure; the more chromium present, the deeper and more intense the red hue. Interestingly, rubies and sapphires share the same mineral composition – both are corundum – but differ in color due to the presence of different trace elements.
Historically, the finest ruby material originated in the Mogok Valley of Burma (now Myanmar). These Burmese rubies, known as “Pigeon’s Blood Rubies,” are renowned for their intense, vivid red color with subtle purple undertones and are considered the most valuable rubies in the world.
However, ruby sources extend beyond Myanmar. Significant deposits have also been found in Vietnam, Thailand, India, the Middle East, East Africa, and even the United States. The Mong Hsu region of Myanmar began producing rubies in the 1990s, with heat treatment used to enhance color saturation. Sri Lanka has been mining rubies since around 800 B.C., demonstrating a long and continuous history of ruby extraction.
Gemological Properties
Rubies are exceptionally durable gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This high hardness makes them suitable for everyday wear and resistant to scratching.
While color is the most important factor in determining a ruby’s value, clarity, cut, and carat weight also play significant roles. Rubies often exhibit inclusions, which are internal imperfections. While excessive inclusions can detract from a ruby’s beauty, some inclusions can serve as proof of natural origin.
Rubies are typically cut into oval and cushion shapes to maximize their brilliance and showcase their color. Round and emerald cuts are also used, particularly for smaller stones. The most popular cuts are designed to bring out the ruby’s natural shine, especially in larger gems.
The color of a ruby can vary, encompassing shades of pink, purplish-red, and orangish-red, in addition to the highly prized deep red. The depth and purity of the red hue are key determinants of value.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Color | Red (varying shades) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Luster | Adamantine |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.97 - 4.05 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the ruby has been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. It is often associated with passion, love, courage, and vitality. In some cultures, rubies were believed to offer protection from evil and safeguard against misfortune.
The ruby’s connection to the heart is particularly strong, with the gem often seen as a symbol of life and the circulatory system. Its vibrant red color is thought to stimulate energy and promote positive emotions.
For those born in July, the ruby is believed to enhance their natural qualities, fostering courage, confidence, and a zest for life. Some believe that wearing a ruby can attract good fortune and promote overall well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, the ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is still important to take proper care to maintain its beauty and luster. Rubies should be cleaned regularly with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Ultrasonic cleaners can be used for rubies, but caution should be exercised if the stone contains fractures or has been treated to enhance its clarity. It is generally recommended to have rubies professionally cleaned and inspected periodically to ensure their continued health and brilliance.
Conclusion
The ruby remains a captivating and highly sought-after gemstone, celebrated for its rich history, vibrant color, and enduring symbolism. As the birthstone for July, it represents passion, courage, and vitality, making it a meaningful and cherished gift for those born under its fiery glow. From ancient lore to modern jewelry designs, the ruby continues to inspire and enchant, solidifying its place as a true “gem of kings.”