October boasts the unique distinction of having two recognized birthstones: opal and pink tourmaline. While opal holds the position as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline was officially added as a modern alternative in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers. Both gemstones offer a captivating array of colors and a rich history, making them cherished choices for those born in the tenth month. This article will delve into the origins, characteristics, and significance of both opal and pink tourmaline, providing a comprehensive overview of October’s dazzling birthstones.
A History of Dual Designation
The designation of two birthstones for a single month is not uncommon, but October’s pairing is particularly notable. For centuries, opal was the sole gemstone associated with October. Ancient Romans referred to it as opalu, and its name originates from the Sanskrit word ‘upala,’ meaning precious stone. Bedouins believed opal contained lightning and fell from the sky during thunderstorms, while ancient Greeks associated it with prophecy and protection from disease. Europeans considered it a symbol of purity, hope, and truth. Opal is also the traditional stone given to celebrate the 14th wedding anniversary.
However, in the early 20th century, the jewelry industry sought to diversify birthstone options, leading to the addition of pink tourmaline as a modern alternative. This decision was influenced, in part, by the Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi of China, whose profound love for pink tourmaline in the late 1800s drove demand for the gem. She amassed a significant collection, even being buried with pink tourmaline and having pieces carved from it after her death. The American National Retail Jeweler’s Association officially recognized pink tourmaline as an October birthstone in 1912.
The Allure of Opal: Formation and Varieties
Opal is a unique gemstone composed of hydrated silica, typically containing 6-10% water. Its formation is a lengthy process, taking approximately 5 to 6 million years to create just one centimeter of opal. The process begins when silica-rich water seeps into cracks and gaps in the Earth’s crust, depositing silica. This results in two main types of opal: ordinary opal and precious opal.
The most prized variety is precious opal, renowned for its “play-of-color”—a shifting display of rainbow hues. This phenomenon is what sets opal apart, inspiring comparisons to fireworks, galaxies, and volcanoes. The colors observed within an opal can include red, purple, white, and black. While many opals display a variety of colors, they are traditionally classified as either black or white opal.
Australia is the world’s most productive source of opal, but significant deposits are also found in Ethiopia, Mexico, Brazil, Central Europe, Honduras, Indonesia, Madagascar, Peru, Turkey, and the United States. Each location contributes to the unique character and hues of the opal found there.
Pink Tourmaline: A Spectrum of Hues
Pink tourmaline, the modern October birthstone, is celebrated for its breathtaking beauty and impressive range of pink hues. It is a relatively rare gem, and one of the few that can be found in almost every color. Tourmaline crystals form in distinctive prism-like structures with long hexagonal shapes, displaying remarkable beauty when exposed to light.
The color variations within pink tourmaline are diverse, ranging from delicate pastel shades to vibrant, saturated pinks. Some tourmaline crystals even exhibit multiple colors, known as “watermelon tourmaline,” typically displaying a combination of pink and green. Most tourmalines found in jewelry consist primarily of a mineral called elbaite.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
While both opal and pink tourmaline are beautiful gemstones, their gemological properties differ significantly.
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Hydrated Silica (SiO₂·nH₂O) | Complex Borosilicate (variable) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6.5 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.98 - 2.15 | 3.05 - 3.10 |
| Transparency | Typically translucent to opaque | Transparent to opaque |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) | Vitreous |
| Fracture | Conchoidal | Conchoidal |
Opal’s lower hardness makes it more susceptible to scratches and damage compared to pink tourmaline, which is considerably more durable. This difference in hardness impacts the suitability of each gemstone for different types of jewelry. Pink tourmaline’s greater hardness makes it a more practical choice for everyday wear, while opal requires more careful handling.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and pink tourmaline have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Opal has long been associated with hope, purity, and truth. Ancient cultures believed it possessed protective qualities and the ability to bestow prophetic visions.
Pink tourmaline, on the other hand, is often linked to friendship, compassion, and balance. It is considered a heart-centered stone, promoting emotional healing and self-love. Some believe it encourages forgiveness and helps individuals connect with their inner selves.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing properties, opal and pink tourmaline require different care routines. Opal, with its lower hardness and hydrated silica composition, is more prone to damage. It should be protected from harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and sudden impacts. Cleaning opal jewelry involves gently wiping it with a soft cloth and lukewarm soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh abrasives.
Pink tourmaline, being more durable, can withstand more rigorous cleaning. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water, a soft brush, and rinsed thoroughly. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution. Regular cleaning will help maintain the brilliance and beauty of both gemstones.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, opal and pink tourmaline, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Opal, the traditional choice, offers a mesmerizing play-of-color and a rich cultural heritage. Pink tourmaline, the modern alternative, provides a durable and vibrant option with associations of love and compassion. Whether one prefers the iridescent allure of opal or the delicate pink hues of tourmaline, both gemstones offer a stunning way to celebrate an October birthday. Their unique characteristics and enduring appeal ensure their continued popularity among gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.