October boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: the captivating opal and the vibrant pink tourmaline. While opal holds the distinction as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline was added as a modern alternative in 1952, offering those born in this month a choice of stunning gemstones, each with a rich history and unique characteristics. This article will delve into the origins, properties, symbolism, and historical significance of both opal and pink tourmaline, providing a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the allure of these October birthstones.
A History of Dual Designation
The designation of two birthstones for October is relatively recent. Prior to 1952, opal was the sole birthstone associated with the month. The National Association of Jewellers in the United States sought to standardize birthstone lists, and as styles and gemstone availability evolved, they added pink tourmaline to the selection. Some believed opal to be too feminine, and concerns were raised regarding its durability, leading to the inclusion of tourmaline as a complementary option. For centuries, however, opal reigned as the primary gem for those born in October.
Opal: A Kaleidoscope of Color and Lore
The name “opal” itself has ancient roots. It is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word “upala,” meaning “precious stone,” and was later adopted by the Romans as “opalus.” Throughout history, opal has been imbued with a wealth of symbolism and folklore. Ancient Greeks believed the gemstone possessed the power of prophecy and offered protection from disease. Bedouins held the belief that opals were formed from lightning and fell to earth during thunderstorms. In Europe, opal was regarded as a symbol of purity, hope, and truth. During the Middle Ages, it was thought to bring good luck, and in Victorian times, Queen Victoria was a noted collector of opals.
The most defining characteristic of opal is its “play-of-color,” a mesmerizing display of shifting rainbow hues. This phenomenon has inspired comparisons to volcanoes, fireworks, and galaxies, making each opal a unique and captivating gem. This play-of-color is due to the internal structure of the stone, composed of hydrated silica containing 6-10% water. Opal forms when silica-rich water seeps into cracks and gaps in the Earth’s crust over millions of years – approximately 5 to 6 million years for every centimeter of opal created.
Geological Formation and Sources of Opal
Opal is formed from hydrated silica and is classified into two main groups: ordinary opal and precious opal. The most significant sources of opal are found in Australia, which accounts for the majority of the world’s production. However, notable deposits also exist in Ethiopia, Mexico, Brazil, Central Europe, Honduras, Indonesia, Madagascar, Peru, Turkey, and the United States.
Pink Tourmaline: A Gem of Imperial Favor
Pink tourmaline, the modern October birthstone, gained prominence in the late 19th century, particularly through the patronage of the Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi. She developed a deep affection for the gem, purchasing nearly the entire output from a California mine. Her passion continued even after her death, as she was buried with a pink tourmaline pillow, and the remainder of her collection was crafted into exquisite carvings.
Tourmaline is a remarkably diverse gemstone, occurring in a wide range of colors, including blues, reds, greens, and shades of pink. Some crystals even exhibit multiple colors, known as “watermelon tourmaline,” displaying a combination of pink and green. Pink tourmaline typically forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures, showcasing beauty when exposed to light. The gem contains a diverse variety of elements, with most jewelry-grade tourmalines consisting primarily of the mineral elbaite.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While both opal and pink tourmaline are beautiful gemstones, their gemological properties differ significantly.
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Hydrated Silica (SiO₂·nH₂O) | Complex Borosilicate (variable) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6.5 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.98 - 2.15 | 3.05 - 3.10 |
| Transparency | Typically Opaque to Translucent | Transparent to Opaque |
| Luster | Vitreous to Resinous | Vitreous |
| Cleavage | Imperfect | Poor |
| Notable Feature | Play-of-Color | Wide Range of Colors, Watermelon Effect |
The lower hardness of opal (5.5-6.5) compared to pink tourmaline (7-7.5) means it is more susceptible to scratches and requires more careful handling. Tourmaline’s greater hardness makes it more durable for everyday wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both opal and pink tourmaline are associated with various symbolic meanings. Opal has long been linked to hope, purity, and truth, while also being believed to inspire creativity and enhance personal relationships. Pink tourmaline, on the other hand, is often associated with love, compassion, and emotional healing. It is believed to promote a sense of calm and well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its lower hardness and water content, opal requires special care. It should be protected from harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and sudden impacts. Cleaning opal jewelry can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh abrasives.
Pink tourmaline, being more durable, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for pink tourmaline, but it’s always best to exercise caution. Regular cleaning will help maintain the brilliance of both gemstones.
The Enduring Appeal of October Birthstones
Opal and pink tourmaline, though distinct in their origins and properties, both offer a captivating beauty that has resonated with people for centuries. Whether drawn to the ethereal play-of-color of opal or the vibrant hues of pink tourmaline, those born in October are fortunate to have two exceptional birthstones to choose from, each carrying a unique history and symbolic significance. These gemstones continue to inspire and enchant, representing not only a celebration of birth but also a connection to the rich geological and cultural heritage of our planet.
Conclusion
The dual designation of opal and pink tourmaline as October birthstones provides a fascinating glimpse into the evolving traditions surrounding gemstones. Opal, with its ancient lore and mesmerizing play-of-color, remains a timeless classic, while pink tourmaline, favored by royalty and celebrated for its diverse hues, offers a modern alternative. Both gems represent beauty, resilience, and a connection to the natural world, making them cherished symbols for those born in the tenth month of the year.