Lapis lazuli, a captivating deep blue metamorphic rock, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones. Revered for millennia, it serves as a birthstone for September, and is also recognized as an alternative birthstone for December and January. Beyond its association with specific months, lapis lazuli is deeply intertwined with history, spirituality, and artistic expression. This article will explore the origins, properties, historical significance, and enduring symbolism of this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
Lapis lazuli boasts one of the longest histories of human appreciation, with evidence of its use dating back over 6,000 years. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Greeks, prized the stone for its vibrant color and perceived mystical properties. In ancient Egypt, judges wore amulets of lapis lazuli, believing it to be a symbol of truth and veracity. Egyptians also theorized that the sun god Re was composed of this stone. The stone’s association with the divine extended to early Christian traditions, where it was regarded as the stone of the Virgin Mary and frequently incorporated into episcopal rings and altars.
The gem’s name itself reflects its origins: “lapis” is Latin for “stone,” and “azul” or “lazhuward” are Arabic and Persian words, respectively, meaning “blue.” Historically, it was called “Lajevard,” meaning “heaven” or “sky,” further emphasizing its celestial connection. Pliny the Elder, a Roman philosopher and navy commander, described lapis lazuli as “opaque and sprinkled with specks of gold,” acknowledging the characteristic pyrite inclusions. In the 18th century, lapis lazuli was valued as highly as fifteen emeralds, demonstrating its exceptional worth in historical trade. It was also used in the creation of some of the most famous works of art, such as the funerary mask of Tutankhamun.
Geological Formation and Sources
Lapis lazuli is not a single mineral but a rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals like calcite, pyrite, and sodalite. The intense blue color is attributed to the presence of lazurite, while pyrite contributes golden flecks, and calcite introduces white streaks. To be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite.
The most significant source of lapis lazuli historically, and still today, is Sar-e-Sang, located in Afghanistan. Deposits there have been mined for over 6,000 years. However, lapis lazuli is also found in Russia (west of Lake Baikal, in Siberia), Pakistan, India, Italy, Chile, Argentina, and even in the United States (California and Colorado). The gem was previously called “Lajevard” because of its discovery in the area named Lajevard.
Gemological Properties
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, meaning it is formed from existing rocks that have been transformed by heat and pressure. It is composed of multiple minerals, with lazurite being the primary component responsible for its characteristic blue color. Other minerals present include calcite, pyrite, and sodalite. The presence of these minerals contributes to the unique appearance of each lapis lazuli specimen.
While not typically measured on the Mohs hardness scale as a single mineral, the constituent minerals within lapis lazuli have varying hardnesses. Lazurite itself has a hardness of 5.5, making lapis lazuli relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. This necessitates careful handling and protection when used in jewelry. The stone is opaque, meaning light cannot pass through it. Its color ranges from deep blue to violet-blue, with variations influenced by the amount of lazurite present and the inclusion of other minerals.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, lapis lazuli has been imbued with profound symbolism. It is often associated with wisdom, truth, inner vision, royalty, power, spirit, and honor. Ancient cultures believed it possessed magical properties and healing energies, connecting the physical world with the spiritual realm.
As a birthstone, lapis lazuli is believed to calm the mind, maintain focus, and aid in concentration. It is also thought to promote clarity of thought, enhance communication, and bring inner peace. In some traditions, it is linked to the Third Eye Chakra, expanding awareness and heightening intuition. Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute healing properties to lapis lazuli, suggesting it can stimulate the immune system, release stress, and protect against psychic attacks. It is also considered a stone that attracts friends, gains favors, and helps realize hopes. Lapis lazuli is the stone for the people whose zodiac sign is Libra.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively soft nature (hardness of 5.5), lapis lazuli requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. To cleanse lapis lazuli, it is recommended to use a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. It should be kept away from extreme temperatures and abrasive materials. Regular cleaning with a soft cloth will help maintain its luster and beauty.
Lapis Lazuli and Modern Traditions
Today, lapis lazuli continues to be a popular gemstone, used in jewelry, decorative objects, and crystal healing practices. It is a traditional gift for a 9th wedding anniversary. The stone’s enduring appeal lies in its captivating color, rich history, and symbolic significance. It remains a potent symbol of wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment, resonating with those seeking inner peace and clarity.
Conclusion
Lapis lazuli stands as a testament to the enduring power of gemstones to captivate and inspire. From its ancient origins in the mines of Afghanistan to its modern-day use in jewelry and healing practices, this deep blue stone has held a special place in human culture for millennia. As the birthstone of September, and an alternative for December and January, lapis lazuli continues to symbolize wisdom, truth, and the pursuit of inner knowledge. Its rich history, unique geological composition, and profound symbolism ensure its continued relevance and appreciation for generations to come.