Lapis Lazuli, a captivating deep blue metamorphic rock, holds a prominent place in the history of gemstones and is recognized as a birthstone for September, alongside the more traditional sapphire. Revered for millennia for its striking color and association with royalty, wisdom, and truth, lapis lazuli continues to be prized by jewelry enthusiasts and collectors alike. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The use of lapis lazuli dates back over 6500 years, with its earliest applications found in the Afghan region, spreading subsequently to Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Ancient cultures highly valued its vivid blue hue, considering it as precious as other blue gemstones like sapphire and turquoise. Beyond adornment, it served as a cosmetic, a pigment, and even a medicinal substance. Evidence of its significance is found in the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh King Tutankhamun, where beautiful amulets and jewels crafted from lapis lazuli were discovered.
In ancient Egypt, judges wore amulets containing lapis lazuli, believing the stone to be a symbol of veracity. Egyptians also theorized that the sun god Re was composed of this stone. The gemstone was previously known as “Lajevard,” derived from the area of its discovery, a name meaning “heaven” or “sky,” leading to its alternative titles, “Stone of the Gods” and “Stone of Heaven.”
References to lapis lazuli appear in the Bible, sometimes referred to as “sapphirini,” though some biblical scholars suggest these references likely pertain to lapis lazuli, as sapphire was not well-known at the time. It is believed to be the fifth stone in the breastplate of the High Priest. Marco Polo documented the lapis lazuli mines in 1271, further cementing its place in historical records.
During the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli was ground into a pigment called ultramarine, which, at its peak, was more valuable than gold. This vibrant pigment was favored by Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo, and was used to create masterpieces like the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. A tradition also developed of gifting lapis lazuli rings on the 9th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Lapis lazuli is not a single mineral but a rock composed primarily of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite. Lazurite is responsible for the gemstone’s characteristic deep blue color, while calcite introduces white streaks and pyrite adds golden speckles, creating a visual effect reminiscent of a starry night. To be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite.
Historically, the most significant source of lapis lazuli has been the mountains of Afghanistan, specifically in a remote district where ancient mines have existed for thousands of years. Today, lapis lazuli is also mined in Chile, Siberia, the United States, Canada, and Angola. However, the highest quality lapis lazuli continues to originate from northern Afghanistan.
Gemological Properties
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. This places it in the middle of the hardness scale, making it harder than some gemstones but softer than many clear ones. It exhibits an excellent polish and is suitable for a variety of jewelry applications, including earrings, pendants, and necklaces. Its relative softness also allows for intricate carving.
The color of lapis lazuli varies, ranging from royal blue to denim hues. Specimens may display variations in intensity and saturation, creating a dynamic interplay of shades. The presence of pyrite contributes a golden sparkle, while calcite introduces white intrusions.
The chemical composition is primarily lazurite, a sodium aluminum silicate with sulfur, (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(SO₄)S₂.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Composition | Primarily Lazurite (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(SO₄)S₂ |
| Color | Deep Blue, varying to denim hues |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6 |
| Luster | Vitreous to Dull |
| Transparency | Opaque |
| Inclusions | Calcite (white), Pyrite (gold) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with royalty, power, spirit, and honor. It is believed to represent truth, wisdom, peace, and strength. Throughout history, it has been used by healers, priests, and royalty to stimulate inner vision and access power.
The stone is thought to release stress, quiet racing thoughts, and promote restful sleep. It is also believed to inspire honesty in both speech and writing and to relieve anger and bleak thoughts. As a September birthstone, it is said to offer a calm and unique aura to those born in that month. For those with the zodiac sign of Libra, lapis lazuli is considered a particularly potent stone, boosting confidence and style.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, lapis lazuli is sensitive to pressure, heat, and harsh chemicals. It should not be exposed to household cleaners or abrasives. To maintain its luster, it is best to clean lapis lazuli with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Regular gentle cleaning will help preserve the beauty of this ancient and revered gemstone.
Conclusion
Lapis lazuli, with its rich history, striking beauty, and profound symbolism, remains a captivating gemstone. From its ancient origins in Afghanistan to its use by royalty, artists, and healers, lapis lazuli has consistently been valued for its unique qualities. As a September birthstone and a stone associated with wisdom, truth, and inner peace, it continues to hold a special place in the world of gemstones and the hearts of those who appreciate its enduring allure.