Alexandrite stands as a particularly captivating gemstone, recognized as a modern birthstone for June alongside pearl and moonstone. Its most remarkable characteristic is its ability to change color depending on the light source – appearing a vibrant green in daylight and a rich red under incandescent light. This unique property, coupled with its relative rarity, has cemented its place as a highly prized gem among collectors and jewelry enthusiasts. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of this extraordinary stone.
History and Lore
The story of alexandrite begins in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the 1830s. While some reports suggest earlier discoveries as far back as the late 1700s, the generally accepted account credits Russian miners with first uncovering the gem around 1833. Initially mistaken for emerald, the stone was sent to Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustav Nordenskjold for evaluation. He discovered its unusual color-changing ability, realizing it was a previously unknown gemstone.
The gem was quickly named in 1834 to honor the future Czar of Russia, Alexander II, on his sixteenth birthday. This association with Russian royalty significantly enhanced the gem’s prestige. The combination of green and red hues also resonated with the colors of the Russian imperial military, further solidifying its position as a national gemstone. Beyond its royal connections, alexandrite is also recognized as the traditional gift for a 55th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, and its color-changing ability is attributed to the presence of chromium within its chemical composition. The unusual combination of beryllium, aluminum, and chromium under specific geological conditions is what makes alexandrite so rare.
Historically, Russia’s Ural Mountains were the primary source of high-quality alexandrite. These stones are renowned for their distinct color change from green to a deep, purplish-red. However, today, most alexandrite originates from Sri Lanka, Brazil, and East Africa. Alexandrite from Brazil often exhibits a different color shift, displaying a teal or deep bluish-green in daylight that transforms into a deep, rich purple under incandescent light. The specific color variations can often indicate the stone’s geographical origin, as the geology of the deposit influences the gem’s appearance. Current sources include Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Madagascar, and Burma.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite possesses a unique set of gemological properties that contribute to its value and appeal. It registers 8.5 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it softer than sapphire but harder than garnet. This relative durability makes it suitable for various jewelry applications, though care should still be taken to avoid scratches and damage.
The defining characteristic of alexandrite is its pleochroism, the ability to exhibit different colors when viewed from different angles. This phenomenon, combined with its color change under varying light sources, is what sets it apart. Ideally, alexandrite should display a vivid green to bluish-green in daylight or fluorescent light and a deep red to purplish hue under incandescent light. The more complete and distinct the color change, the more valuable the stone.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Chrysoberyl |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Color Change | Green in daylight, Red in incandescent light |
| Pleochroism | Exhibits different colors from different angles |
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite’s color-changing nature has imbued it with rich symbolism. Its ability to adapt and reveal new colors based on its surroundings has led to associations with balance, transformation, and inner growth. The gem is often seen as a reminder of life’s dualities and the beauty of change.
The analogy of “emerald by day and ruby by night” has also linked alexandrite to concepts of love, as its shifting colors can be likened to the multifaceted nature of romantic relationships. Presenting alexandrite as a gift is considered a beautiful way to express affection and acknowledge the complexities of love. The stone is also believed to foster adaptability and harmony.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, alexandrite is relatively durable, but still requires careful handling. It is recommended to clean alexandrite jewelry with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to store alexandrite jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Regular inspection of the setting is recommended to ensure the stone is securely held.
Conclusion
Alexandrite remains a truly exceptional gemstone, celebrated for its captivating color change, historical significance, and relative rarity. From its discovery in the Ural Mountains and association with Russian royalty to its modern status as a June birthstone and symbol of transformation, alexandrite continues to fascinate and inspire. Its unique properties and enduring beauty ensure its place as a treasured gem for generations to come.