Aquamarine, the birthstone for those born on March 7th and throughout the month of March, is a gemstone that captures the essence of the sea in its tranquil blue and green hues. Its name, derived from the Latin aqua marina—meaning "sea water"—aptly describes the gem's serene and ethereal appearance. As one of the most beloved and historically significant gemstones, aquamarine has long been associated with peace, protection, and emotional clarity. This article delves into the rich history, geological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care of aquamarine, drawing from the most reliable and well-supported sources in gemological and historical literature.
Introduction
Aquamarine is one of two recognized birthstones for March, the other being bloodstone. Unlike the earthy, blood-spotted appearance of bloodstone, aquamarine is a transparent to translucent gem that ranges in color from pale blue to deep, oceanic blue with occasional greenish undertones. It is a member of the beryl family, sharing its chemical structure with other well-known gems like emerald and morganite. The March birthstone is not only valued for its aesthetic appeal but also for its historical and symbolic significance, especially among sailors and those seeking emotional balance. In this article, we explore the origins, properties, and uses of aquamarine, as well as its enduring role in jewelry and spiritual traditions.
History and Lore
The history of aquamarine is intertwined with the sea and the human fascination with the ocean. Ancient sailors believed the gemstone would protect them during storms and calm the waves. This association with maritime safety dates back to classical antiquity, where aquamarine was regarded as a talisman of protection and hope. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) wrote about aquamarine in his work Naturalis Historia, noting its calming properties and its use by seafarers.
During the Renaissance, aquamarine was thought to bring clarity of thought and enhance courage. It was often given as a gift between lovers, symbolizing a deep and enduring connection. The gemstone was also believed to aid in healing, especially for the throat and respiratory system, and was used in early medicinal practices.
In more modern times, aquamarine has retained its symbolism of peace and protection. It is traditionally given as a gift for the 19th wedding anniversary, representing a long and harmonious union. The gemstone also appears in royal collections, with one of the most famous aquamarine specimens being the 1,298-carat stone gifted to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt by the government of Brazil in the 1930s.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a beryl, a mineral composed of beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆), and it forms in granitic pegmatite deposits. These deposits are rich in volatile components and rare elements, including beryllium, which is essential for the formation of beryl. The blue color of aquamarine is due to the presence of iron impurities within the crystal structure. The intensity of the blue can vary depending on the concentration of these iron ions.
The gemstone is found in a variety of locations around the world, but Brazil is the most significant source. For centuries, Brazil has been the primary supplier of high-quality aquamarine, with major deposits in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Espírito Santo. Other notable sources include:
- Pakistan – Known for producing some of the finest and deepest blue aquamarines
- Nigeria – A growing source of aquamarine with excellent color and clarity
- United States – Aquamarine is found in the state of Colorado
- Madagascar – Produces a range of aquamarine with varying hues
- Russia and Africa – Occasional sources with smaller quantities
Aquamarine is typically mined through open-pit or underground methods, depending on the location and depth of the deposit. Once extracted, the rough stones are cut and polished to enhance their natural beauty. The most common cut for aquamarine is the brilliant or step cut, which maximizes the gem's clarity and color.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine is a durable gemstone, rated between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it suitable for use in everyday jewelry, including rings, necklaces, and earrings. Its durability is due to its well-ordered crystal structure and lack of cleavage, which allows it to resist breaking under normal wear.
Key Gemological Characteristics:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | Beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆) |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Color | Blue to blue-green, with varying intensities |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 7.5 to 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.56 to 1.60 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.67 to 2.83 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Inclusions | Often free of inclusions, but may contain minor gas bubbles or mineral inclusions |
Aquamarine is typically found in large, well-formed crystals, which allows for the production of large, high-quality stones. The finest specimens are those with a vivid, even blue color and excellent clarity. Stones with too much green in their hue are sometimes referred to as "green beryl" and are less commonly marketed as aquamarine.
Due to its clarity and color, aquamarine is often heat-treated to enhance its appearance. Heating the stone at temperatures between 400–600°C can remove any yellow or greenish tints, resulting in a more desirable blue. This treatment is stable and does not affect the gem’s durability or value.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine has been attributed with a range of symbolic and metaphysical properties across different cultures and historical periods. In ancient times, it was believed to protect sailors from the dangers of the sea and ensure safe passage. Sailors would carry aquamarine stones as amulets, believing they would calm the waters and bring calm during storms.
In modern spiritual practices, aquamarine is considered a stone of peace, communication, and emotional healing. It is associated with the throat and heart chakras, and is believed to enhance one’s ability to express themselves clearly and compassionately. Some practitioners use aquamarine to reduce anxiety, promote calmness, and support decision-making. It is also thought to encourage honesty and integrity in relationships and business dealings.
The gemstone’s calming energy makes it a popular choice for those seeking emotional stability and mental clarity. Some metaphysical traditions suggest that aquamarine can help with throat and respiratory issues, although it is not a substitute for medical treatment.
While these beliefs are not scientifically validated, they have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the cultural significance of aquamarine. Many people choose aquamarine not only for its beauty but also for the sense of peace and protection it is believed to offer.
Care and Cleaning
Given its hardness and durability, aquamarine is a suitable gemstone for everyday wear. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its beauty and longevity. Aquamarine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe to use, as long as the stone is free of inclusions or fractures that could be damaged by the vibrations or heat.
To protect aquamarine from scratches and damage, it is best to store it separately from harder gemstones such as diamonds or corundum. Aquamarine should also be removed during activities that involve heavy physical contact or exposure to harsh chemicals, such as swimming in chlorinated pools or using household cleaners.
Avoid exposing aquamarine to extreme temperatures, as sudden temperature changes can cause the stone to fracture. It is also advisable to avoid subjecting aquamarine to high-pressure environments, such as high-pressure steam cleaning, unless the gem is known to be stable and free of internal damage.
With proper care and maintenance, aquamarine jewelry can be cherished for generations. Its timeless beauty and symbolic significance make it a meaningful and lasting gift.
Conclusion
Aquamarine is a gemstone that combines natural beauty with deep historical and symbolic significance. As the birthstone for March 7th and the entire month of March, it represents peace, protection, and emotional clarity. Its serene blue and green hues evoke the tranquility of the sea, making it a popular choice for jewelry and spiritual practices alike. From its geological formation in granitic pegmatite to its use in royal collections and modern jewelry, aquamarine has a rich and enduring legacy.
Whether worn as a personal talisman or as a symbol of love and commitment, aquamarine continues to captivate those who seek its calming energy and ethereal beauty. With proper care and appreciation, this gemstone can remain a cherished part of one's life for many years to come.