For centuries, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty and mystique, often imbued with symbolic meaning and believed to possess inherent powers. Among these, ruby holds a prominent place, particularly within the context of historical traditions and cultural significance. This article explores the history, lore, geological origins, and properties of ruby, drawing upon available records to provide a comprehensive overview of this esteemed gemstone.
History and Lore
Ruby’s history is deeply intertwined with human civilization, stretching back to ancient times. Evidence suggests that rubies were highly prized in ancient India, where they were associated with royalty and believed to promote good health. Sources indicate that rubies were not merely ornamental; they were considered potent symbols of power and vitality, even being incorporated into weaponry, specifically as bullets for blowguns. This practical application underscores the value placed on the stone beyond its aesthetic appeal.
Ancient beliefs surrounding rubies extended to the realm of protection. Some cultures believed rubies could ward off evil spirits, demonstrating a spiritual dimension to the gem’s significance. The association with protection continued through the ages, with rubies being worn as talismans to deflect negative energy.
The historical importance of ruby is further highlighted by its inclusion in the Breastplate of Aaron, as referenced in biblical accounts, which featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This connection established a foundational link between gemstones and spiritual or religious significance, a tradition that evolved over time to form the basis of modern birthstone associations.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide mineral. Their characteristic red color is due to the presence of chromium, which imparts the vibrant hue. While rubies are found in various locations globally, certain regions are particularly renowned for their production.
Historically, India was a primary source of rubies, and continues to be a significant location. However, rubies are also mined in the United States and parts of the Middle East. The quality and intensity of the red color significantly impact a ruby’s value, with the deepest and purest red rubies being the most expensive.
Gemological Properties
Ruby is a remarkably durable gemstone, registering a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. This high hardness makes it suitable for everyday wear and ensures its longevity in jewelry. The gem’s chemical formula is Al2O3, indicating its composition of aluminum and oxygen.
While predominantly red, rubies can exhibit variations in color, sometimes displaying a purplish tint. However, the most valuable rubies are those with a vivid, pure red coloration. The size of rubies can vary considerably, with a notable specimen weighing 310 carats currently housed in the Smithsonian Institution.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been laden with symbolism. Beyond its association with royalty and power, the gemstone has been linked to courage, strength, and self-control. Ancient cultures believed that wearing or possessing a ruby could instill these qualities in the wearer.
The use of sardonyx, a banded chalcedony gemstone composed of red-brown sard and white onyx, as a traditional August birthstone alongside peridot and spinel, demonstrates the historical practice of associating multiple gemstones with a single month. Sardonyx was believed to bring courage, strength, and protection, echoing the symbolic attributes associated with ruby.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness, ruby is relatively easy to care for. Routine cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. However, it is important to avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the gemstone’s surface. Given its durability, ruby is well-suited for various jewelry settings and can withstand regular wear without significant risk of scratching or chipping.
The Evolution of Birthstone Lists
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time. Initially rooted in biblical tradition and ancient astrology, the association of gemstones with specific months has undergone several revisions. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) standardized a modern list of birthstones, which remains largely unchanged today. Subsequent updates in 1952 added alexandrite for June and pink tourmaline for October. More recently, in 2016, spinel was officially recognized as a birthstone for August, expanding the options available to those seeking a gemstone aligned with their birth month. These changes reflect the evolving preferences and discoveries within the gemological world.
Modern and Traditional Charts
The existence of multiple birthstone charts – modern, traditional, and ancient – highlights the diverse cultural and historical influences that have shaped our understanding of these gemstones. The Modern Birthstone Chart, standardized in 1912, offers a wider range of options, catering to contemporary tastes. The Traditional Birthstone Chart, on the other hand, draws upon centuries-old beliefs and practices, preserving the historical significance of certain gemstones. The Official Birthstone Chart serves as a trusted guide for accurate gemstone listings, ensuring authenticity and industry standards.
Conclusion
Ruby stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of royalty and protection to its modern status as a cherished birthstone, ruby continues to captivate and inspire. Its vibrant color, exceptional durability, and rich history make it a gemstone of enduring value and significance. The evolution of birthstone lists, from ancient traditions to modern standardization, underscores the ongoing fascination with these natural treasures and their ability to connect us to the past, present, and future.