Sapphire, the birthstone for September, has captivated humanity for millennia with its beauty, durability, and rich symbolism. Traditionally known for its striking blue variety, sapphire encompasses a rainbow of colors, each possessing unique appeal and historical significance. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding this remarkable gemstone, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand its enduring allure.
History and Lore
Sapphire’s history is deeply intertwined with royalty, religion, and ancient beliefs. The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word sappheiros, and the gem held a prominent place in the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires offered protection from harm and envy. Clergy in the Middle Ages valued sapphires for their association with Heaven, often adorning robes with the gem.
Ancient lore extends beyond the Mediterranean world. Persian legends claim the world rests upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the blue color of the sky. This belief highlights the profound connection ancient civilizations felt to the gemstone and its perceived influence on the cosmos. The sapphire also appears in religious texts; some accounts suggest the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, symbolizing its strength and divine origin. Medieval Europeans attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison.
More recently, sapphire has continued to symbolize nobility and devotion. Princess Diana’s iconic sapphire engagement ring, now worn by Catherine, Princess of Wales, cemented the gem’s association with romance and enduring commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Pure corundum is colorless, but the presence of trace elements like iron, titanium, and chromium creates the diverse range of colors seen in sapphires. Ruby, the red variety of corundum, is also part of this family. Any corundum that isn’t red is classified as sapphire.
The most prized sapphires, particularly those with a cornflower blue hue, historically originate from Kashmir, a mountainous region in northern India bordering Pakistan. However, the supply from Kashmir is limited, making these stones exceptionally valuable. Sapphires are also found in other locations, including various parts of Asia, Australia, and Africa.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness, ranking nine on the Mohs scale. This makes them highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. Only diamonds surpass sapphire in hardness. The crystal structure of sapphire is hexagonal, with four axes, three of equal length intersecting at 60-degree angles, and one differing in length and intersecting at a right angle.
While blue is the most recognizable color, sapphires occur in a wide spectrum, including orange, yellow, green, pink, and purple. These “fancy sapphires” are gaining popularity, each color attributed to different trace elements within the crystal structure. A high-quality 1-carat blue sapphire can range in price from $3000 to $5000, though prices fluctuate based on quality and market demand.
The United States Federal Trade Commission has specific regulations regarding the naming of corundum gemstones. Pink corundum must be sold as sapphire, and cannot be marketed as a “pink ruby.”
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Beyond these core values, different cultures have attributed additional powers to the stone. Buddhists believe sapphires promote inner peace, while in Islam, sapphires are associated with the seven heavens.
Sapphires are also linked to wisdom, loyalty, and royalty. The association with wisdom is particularly strong, reflecting the gem’s clarity and perceived ability to enhance mental focus. The deep blue color often evokes feelings of tranquility and serenity.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphires’ exceptional hardness makes them relatively easy to care for. They are durable enough for everyday wear in rings, necklaces, and earrings. However, like all gemstones, they benefit from proper cleaning and maintenance.
Due to their hardness, sapphires can withstand regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and luster.
Beyond Blue: The Rise of Fancy Sapphires
While blue sapphires remain the most iconic, the market has seen a growing appreciation for “fancy sapphires” – those exhibiting colors other than blue. Pink sapphires symbolize romance, yellow sapphires radiate joy, and green sapphires evoke the freshness of nature. Each color carries its own unique significance, making sapphires a versatile and deeply personal choice for jewelry. These color variations are a result of different trace elements within the gem’s crystal structure.
Sapphire in Modern Jewelry
Sapphires continue to be a popular choice for jewelry designers and consumers alike. Their durability, beauty, and symbolic meaning make them ideal for a wide range of settings, from classic engagement rings to contemporary pendants. The versatility of sapphire, coupled with its enduring appeal, ensures its continued prominence in the world of gemstones.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring power and beauty of natural gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and religious significance to its modern-day appeal as a symbol of love and sophistication, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional hardness, diverse color palette, and rich history make it a truly remarkable gem, worthy of its place as September’s cherished birthstone.