Turquoise has captivated civilizations for millennia, admired for its striking blue-green hues and rich cultural significance. As a December birthstone, alongside blue topaz and zircon, turquoise holds a special place in both modern and traditional birthstone lists. Its journey through history, from ancient adornments to contemporary jewelry, reveals a gemstone deeply intertwined with human belief and artistry. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this enduring gem, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The allure of turquoise extends back thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating to ancient civilizations. From the Egyptians and Persians to the Aztecs and Native Americans, turquoise has been prized for its beauty and perceived protective qualities. Ancient Egyptians incorporated turquoise into jewelry and ornamentation, while Persians used it to adorn mosques and palaces. The Aztecs associated turquoise with the gods and used it in ceremonial masks and weapons. Native American cultures, particularly in the Southwestern United States, held turquoise in high regard, incorporating it into jewelry, talismans, and sacred objects.
Throughout history, turquoise has been valued not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its believed metaphysical properties. It was considered a stone of protection, bringing good fortune and warding off negative energy. Warriors adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it would safeguard them in battle. Kings and rulers valued it as a symbol of status and power.
The Gregorian birthstone poem associated with December specifically mentions turquoise, stating that those born in this month will find success in all they do if they wear the stone. This tradition, alongside the historical reverence for turquoise, contributes to its enduring popularity as a birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is not formed in magma or deep within the Earth’s crust. Instead, it is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of existing minerals. It is created by the weathering of copper-rich rocks in arid regions, typically in the presence of aluminum, phosphorus, and water. This process often occurs near copper deposits.
A notable characteristic of some turquoise is the presence of matrix, which consists of fragments of the host rock embedded within the gemstone. While matrix can sometimes lower a stone’s value, the “spiderweb” pattern of Southwestern turquoise is considered particularly attractive. The presence of matrix is a natural feature and adds to the unique character of each stone.
The sources specifically mention the Southwestern United States as a significant source of turquoise, particularly known for its distinctive spiderweb matrix. However, the sources do not provide a comprehensive list of global mining locations.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, registering a 6 on the Mohs hardness scale. This softness made it popular for carving talismans throughout history, but also means it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Its chemical composition includes copper aluminum phosphate, giving it its characteristic blue-green color.
The color of turquoise can vary depending on the presence of other minerals. The most desirable color is an intense, sky-blue hue, but turquoise can also range from greenish-blue to pale blue and even greenish-white. The presence of iron can contribute to a greenish tint, while zinc can result in a paler color.
Turquoise is sensitive to direct sunlight, solvents like makeup, and natural oils. Exposure to these elements can cause the color to fade or the stone to become damaged. This sensitivity necessitates careful cleaning and storage practices, discussed further in the care and cleaning section.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is often associated with protection, good fortune, and healing. Ancient cultures believed it possessed the power to ward off evil spirits and bring success in various endeavors.
The American Gem Society notes that turquoise remains highly esteemed for its striking color and ancient history, suggesting its symbolism continues to resonate with people today. The association with December and the belief that it brings success to those born in that month further reinforces its positive symbolism.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness and sensitivity to certain substances, turquoise requires specific care to maintain its beauty. The sources emphasize avoiding direct sunlight, solvents, makeup, perfume, and natural oils.
Cleaning turquoise jewelry should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners should never be used, as they can damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove turquoise jewelry before engaging in activities that could expose it to impact or harsh chemicals. Proper storage, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, is also crucial for preserving its color and integrity.
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Lists
The birthstone landscape has evolved over time, with both modern and traditional lists existing. The International Gem Society (IGS) highlights this distinction, noting that jewelers continue to add options to the modern birthstone chart, such as spinel, citrine, and tanzanite.
According to the provided birthstone chart, turquoise is listed as a traditional December birthstone, alongside lapis lazuli. The modern December birthstones include blue zircon and blue topaz. This allows individuals to choose the stone that best appeals to them, whether based on personal preference, cost, or availability. The availability of traditional stones like turquoise, which can be less expensive than some modern alternatives, contributes to their continued popularity.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring power of gemstones to captivate and inspire. Its rich history, spanning millennia and encompassing diverse cultures, underscores its significance as more than just a beautiful stone. From ancient adornments to modern birthstone jewelry, turquoise continues to be valued for its striking color, perceived protective qualities, and symbolic meaning. Its relative softness necessitates careful handling, but with proper care, this timeless gem can be enjoyed for generations. As a December birthstone, turquoise offers a connection to the past and a promise of good fortune for those born under its captivating blue-green glow.