The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months, and even zodiac signs, is a practice steeped in history and lore. Determining one’s birthstone is more than simply identifying a beautiful gem; it’s connecting with a legacy of symbolism, belief, and cultural significance that spans centuries. This article will explore the origins of this tradition, detail the modern birthstone list, and offer guidance on selecting a high-quality birthstone.
Historical Origins and Evolution
The practice of linking gemstones to specific periods dates back to ancient times. The earliest known example is found in the Breastplate of Aaron, a sacred garment in Jewish tradition adorned with twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Over time, various cultures developed their own associations between gemstones and birth months, drawing from Hindu traditions, medieval European beliefs, and astrological principles.
However, the birthstone lists of the past were not static. The gemstones representing each month have changed throughout the years and varied from region to region. It wasn’t until 1912 that a standardized list was adopted in the United States by the (American) National Association of Jewelers. This list underwent a further update in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. More recently, the American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002, and spinel was recognized as an additional birthstone for August in 2016, demonstrating the evolving nature of these traditions.
Determining Your Birthstone
Identifying your birthstone is most commonly done by referencing your birth month. The modern list assigns specific gemstones to each month, and in some cases, multiple gemstones are listed, reflecting regional variations and recent additions. The tradition also extends to zodiac signs, though the monthly association is the most widely recognized today. Tools are available to help determine your birthstone by month, date of birth, or zodiac sign.
The Modern Birthstone List
The following table details the modern list of birthstones, along with their associated symbolism and hardness as measured on the Mohs scale:
| Month | Primary Birthstone(s) | Symbolism | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Protection, strength, love | 6.5 - 7.5 |
| February | Amethyst | Clarity, wisdom, peace | 7 |
| March | Aquamarine | Tranquility, courage | 7.5 - 8 |
| April | Diamond | Purity, strength, love | 10 |
| May | Emerald | Growth, renewal, wisdom | 7.5 - 8 |
| June | Pearl, Alexandrite | Wisdom, balance | 2.5 - 8.5 |
| July | Ruby | Passion, protection | 9 |
| August | Peridot | Good fortune, strength | 6.5 - 7 |
| September | Sapphire | Loyalty, wisdom, faith | 9 |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline | Creativity, protection | 5.5 - 7.5 |
| November | Topaz, Citrine | Energy, prosperity | 8 |
| December | Turquoise, Tanzanite | Luck, protection | 5 - 6.5 |
It’s important to note that traditional birthstone lists sometimes differ from the modern list. For example, while the modern list for June includes Pearl and Alexandrite, traditional lists may feature Agate and Moonstone. Similarly, December traditionally featured Turquoise, while the modern list also includes Tanzanite and Zircon.
Gemological Properties and Quality
When selecting a birthstone, understanding its gemological properties is crucial. Hardness, measured on the Mohs scale, indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Diamonds, with a hardness of 10, are the most durable, while softer stones like pearls (2.5-8.5) require more careful handling.
Beyond hardness, factors like cut, clarity, and color significantly impact a gemstone’s appearance and value. A well-cut stone maximizes brilliance and color, while clarity refers to the presence of inclusions or blemishes. While some inclusions are natural and can add character, excessive flaws can affect durability and beauty. The intensity and purity of a gemstone’s color are also key determinants of its desirability and price. For instance, garnet is known for its deep red hue, but can also be found in shades of green, orange, and purple.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnet, the birthstone for January, is believed to offer protection, strength, and love. Amethyst, associated with February, symbolizes clarity, wisdom, and peace. Diamonds, the April birthstone, represent purity, strength, and enduring love. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the personal significance many individuals attach to their birthstones. Gemstones are often seen as encapsulating mystical properties and heralding good luck and fortune.
Selecting and Caring for Your Birthstone
Purchasing a birthstone, particularly for jewelry, requires careful consideration. It is essential to ensure the gemstone is of high quality and ethically sourced. Seeking certification from reputable gemological institutions, such as the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) or the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), can verify the authenticity, origin, and quality of the stone.
Once acquired, proper care is essential to maintain a birthstone’s beauty and longevity. The hardness of the stone dictates the level of care required. Softer stones like pearls and opals require gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Harder stones like diamonds and sapphires are more durable but still benefit from regular cleaning to remove dirt and oils.
Conclusion
The tradition of birthstones is a fascinating blend of history, symbolism, and gemological science. From ancient origins to the standardized lists of today, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in our culture and personal lives. Understanding your birthstone – its origins, properties, and significance – allows you to connect with a rich legacy and appreciate the beauty and power of these remarkable gifts from the earth.