Peridot is a captivating gemstone with a history stretching back millennia, often shrouded in misidentification and mystery. As the traditional birthstone for August, and one of the modern choices alongside spinel, peridot holds a unique place in both geological and cultural lore. This article delves into the origins, properties, history, and significance of this alluring olive-green gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of mistaken identity and enduring fascination. Ancient Egyptians revered this gem, believing it to be a “gem of the sun,” brought to Earth from an “exploding sun.” Mining occurred as early as 1500 B.C. on St. John’s Island (now Zabargad Island), which remains the national gem of Egypt to this day. Priests utilized goblets encrusted with peridot, believing the stones facilitated a connection with their gods. This early association with the sun likely stemmed from the gem’s vibrant green hue and, perhaps, a perceived luminosity.
The Romans, too, held peridot in high esteem, referring to it as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle even in low light. This led to frequent misidentification with emeralds, a pattern that continued for centuries. Historical accounts suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection likely contained a significant amount of peridot. In medieval times, this confusion persisted; emeralds adorning the shrine of the Three Holy Kings at Cologne Cathedral were later discovered to be peridot.
Biblical references also link to peridot, though under the name chrysolite, derived from the Greek word for “golden stone.” Some scholars believe peridot was among the stones on the breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother. Throughout history, the gem was believed to offer protection against evil spirits and “terrors of the night,” with some practices involving tying the stone on donkey hair around the left arm for safeguarding.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is unique among gemstones in its formation. It belongs to the olivine family and, alongside diamonds, is one of the only gemstones formed in the Earth’s mantle. These gems are brought to the surface through volcanic activity. While found in volcanic lava, peridot has also been discovered in fallen meteorites, earning it the nickname “space gem.”
Historically, Egypt’s Zabargad Island was the primary source of peridot. Today, significant deposits are also found in Hawaii, where the gem is considered the tears of Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, and has even contributed to the creation of a green sand beach composed of olivine. Myanmar (Burma) is known for producing large, richly colored peridot specimens, and Vietnam has become a popular source for stones with varied shades of green since the 1990s. Notably, peridot has even been found on the Moon, and samples believed to contain olivine were collected by NASA’s Perseverance rover, awaiting return to Earth around 2030.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is primarily composed of magnesium, iron, and silicate. The amount of iron present directly influences the gem’s color, ranging from yellow to olive and brownish-green. The most desirable peridot stones exhibit a medium-dark, pure green hue without significant yellow or brown undertones.
Peridot occurs in only one color – olive-green – though the intensity varies. The gem’s structure consists of isomorphic olivine in an orthorhombic crystal system, or alternatively, a hexagonal, close-packed array of oxygen ions with magnesium or iron occupying octahedral sites and silicon occupying tetrahedral sites.
While not as hard as some other gemstones, peridot measures reasonably well on the Mohs scale. It is important to note that peridot can fracture with stress or extreme heat exposure, requiring careful handling in jewelry settings.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Color | Olive-green, yellow-green, brownish-green |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic / Hexagonal |
| Hardness (Mohs) | Not specified in sources |
| Luster | Not specified in sources |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony, earning it the moniker “gem of compassion.” Believers suggest that wearing peridot can promote restful sleep, calm anger, and even alleviate depression.
The gem is also believed to inspire happiness, release negativity, and provide clarity of purpose. Setting peridot in gold was historically thought to amplify its powers. Modern metaphysical practitioners suggest peridot connects one with the heart chakra, attracting love and fostering personal growth. It is also the traditional stone for celebrating a 15th wedding anniversary.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot requires careful handling due to its potential for fracturing under stress or heat. It is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning can be achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is important to avoid prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight.
Pronunciation
A common question surrounding peridot is its pronunciation. The correct pronunciation is “peh-ruh-daat,” with the “t” clearly pronounced, though some individuals pronounce it as “peh-ruh-doe.”
Famous Peridot Specimens
The world’s largest cut peridot, known simply as “Peridot Stone,” resides in the Smithsonian Museum. Originating from Zabargad Island, Egypt, this impressive gem weighs 311 carats. The Royal Ontario Museum also houses a significant specimen: the world’s largest pallasite meteorite, discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1931 and dating back 4.5 million years.
Sources
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, is a gem steeped in history, mystery, and metaphysical significance. From its ancient origins as the “gem of the sun” revered by the Egyptians to its modern association with peace, harmony, and personal growth, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its unique geological formation, often occurring in the Earth’s mantle and even within meteorites, adds to its allure. While often mistaken for emerald in the past, peridot possesses a distinct charm and enduring appeal, solidifying its place as a treasured gemstone for centuries to come.