March, the month that marks the transition from winter to spring, is symbolically rich with themes of renewal, hope, and new beginnings. In the world of gemology, March is equally significant, as it is represented by two traditional birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These two gemstones, though vastly different in appearance and properties, share a deep historical and cultural connection that spans centuries. This article explores the origins, properties, symbolism, and care of both aquamarine and bloodstone, offering a comprehensive look at the dual legacy of these March birthstones.
March is unique in the birthstone tradition for having two official stones, a feature that highlights the complexity and diversity of gemstone history. The first and most widely recognized is aquamarine, a serene blue or blue-green gem that evokes the image of a calm sea. The second is bloodstone, a darker green stone flecked with red, often associated with courage and vitality. The coexistence of these two stones for March is not arbitrary—it is rooted in centuries of cultural and historical development, as well as the evolution of gemstone identification and usage.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient times, with the earliest known references found in the Biblical Book of Exodus, where the High Priest’s breastplate is described as containing 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. However, the exact identities of these stones have been the subject of much debate and speculation due to the lack of precise descriptions in the text. Over time, these stones were matched to the 12 months of the year, forming the basis of the modern birthstone calendar.
In early lists of birthstones, bloodstone was the sole representative of March. This green quartz with red inclusions was believed to have formed at the crucifixion of Christ, according to a legend that tells of blood from the Saviour falling upon green jasper and creating the first bloodstones. This association gave the stone its name and its enduring place in religious and cultural traditions. The stone was used in carvings and sculptures, particularly in Renaissance Europe, where its red flecks were seen as symbolic of Christ’s wounds.
Aquamarine, on the other hand, was not always associated with March. It was only later, in the 19th century, that aquamarine became widely accepted as the primary birthstone for the month. Its adoption is believed to be influenced by the growing interest in mineralogy and gemology during the Victorian era, as well as its popularity in jewelry among European royalty and nobility.
The dual status of aquamarine and bloodstone as March birthstones was solidified in the 20th century, particularly through the efforts of jewelers and retailers who sought to expand the birthstone tradition and offer more options to consumers. The Tiffany & Co. birthstone poems from 1870, for example, played a role in popularizing the idea of using birthstones in jewelry, and aquamarine was included in these early lists. Bloodstone, with its historical and symbolic depth, was also retained.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which also includes other gemstones such as emerald, morganite, and heliodor. Beryl has a chemical formula of Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆, and its color variations are primarily due to the presence of iron, which imparts the characteristic blue and green hues. Aquamarine is known for its light blue to blue-green color, with the most highly prized stones displaying a deep, saturated blue.
Aquamarine forms in pegmatite rock veins, where conditions of high temperature and low pressure allow for the slow crystallization of minerals. It is typically found in six-sided crystal structures, and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 7.5 to 8, making it durable enough for use in jewelry.
The primary sources of aquamarine today are:
- Brazil: The most significant commercial source, known for producing high-quality stones in a range of colors.
- Colombia
- Russia (Ural Mountains)
- Madagascar
- India
- United States (Colorado, Maine, and North Carolina)
Aquamarine can naturally occur in a yellow or greenish hue, but these stones can be heated to convert them into the more desirable blue color. This process does not affect the durability or value of the stone, as the color change is stable.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz, specifically a type of chalcedony. It is composed primarily of green chalcedony, with red inclusions of hematite or iron oxide, which create the distinctive "blood" flecks. The red spots are what give the stone its name and its symbolic connection to blood and vitality.
Bloodstone is typically found in large, rounded masses or as pebbles in riverbeds. It forms when iron-rich sediments mix with quartz-rich solutions, resulting in the characteristic green base with red flecks. The hardness of bloodstone is 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it suitable for carving and cabochon cutting but less durable than aquamarine for daily wear.
The primary sources of bloodstone include:
- India – The most historically significant source, with large deposits of high-quality material.
- Brazil
- Australia
Bloodstone was especially popular in Renaissance Europe, where it was used in religious carvings and sculptures. The Italian sculptor Matteo del Nassaro created a famous piece titled "The Descent from the Cross", in which the bloodstone was used to represent the blood of Christ.
Gemological Properties
| Property | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ | SiO₂ (Quartz) with hematite inclusions |
| Color | Light blue to blue-green | Dark green with red flecks |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 7.5–8 | 6.5–7 |
| Transparency | Transparent to slightly milky | Opaque |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy to vitreous |
| Cut | Faceted | Cabochon |
| Common Uses | Rings, earrings, necklaces | Cabochons, carvings, pendants |
| Primary Sources | Brazil, Madagascar, Russia | India, Brazil, Australia |
Both aquamarine and bloodstone are semi-precious gemstones, meaning they are not as rare or valuable as diamonds or colored gemstones like sapphires and rubies. However, they are highly valued for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, and symbolic meanings.
Aquamarine is known for its clarity and brilliance, which make it a popular choice for faceted jewelry. It is often cut into emerald, oval, or round shapes, and it is prized for its even color distribution and lack of inclusions. Bloodstone, by contrast, is usually cut into cabochons, which allow the red flecks to be visible and enhance the stone’s visual impact.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine
Aquamarine has long been associated with calmness, courage, and protection. In ancient times, sailors believed that carrying aquamarine would ward off storms and ensure safe passage at sea, hence its nickname as the "poor man’s diamond". The stone was also believed to soothe anxiety and promote mental clarity, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to attribute healing and spiritual properties to aquamarine. It is said to enhance communication, promote honesty, and alleviate stress and fear. In some traditions, aquamarine is believed to stimulate the throat chakra, which governs speech and self-expression.
Aquamarine is also the traditional gemstone for the 19th wedding anniversary, symbolizing long-lasting love and the tranquility of a lifelong partnership.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a stone of courage, vitality, and purification. Its association with blood and life force gives it a powerful symbolic meaning in many cultures. In medieval Europe, it was believed that bloodstone could heal wounds, prevent illness, and even stop nosebleeds when placed on the affected area.
The stone is also linked to strength and endurance, making it a popular choice for warriors and athletes. It was believed to boost physical energy and mental focus, and some traditions suggest it can help overcome fear and anxiety.
In modern metaphysical practices, bloodstone is associated with the root chakra, which governs grounding and stability. It is believed to enhance personal power, protect against negative energies, and support spiritual growth. Bloodstone is also used in meditation and energy work, where it is said to help clear the mind and restore balance.
Bloodstone is the traditional gemstone for the 14th wedding anniversary, symbolizing deep commitment, loyalty, and the enduring strength of a marriage.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of both aquamarine and bloodstone. Although both are relatively durable, they do require specific cleaning and handling to avoid damage.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine can be cleaned using warm water and mild soap, followed by a soft cloth or soft brush to gently remove dirt. It is safe to use ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as its high hardness and lack of cleavage make it resistant to damage from vibrations or steam.
When not in use, aquamarine jewelry should be stored in a soft pouch or compartment to prevent scratches from harder gemstones. It is also advisable to remove aquamarine jewelry before engaging in physical activity or exposure to harsh chemicals, as these can dull its luster over time.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is less durable than aquamarine, with a lower hardness and a more porous surface. This makes it more susceptible to scratches and damage from abrasive materials. It should be cleaned using only a soft cloth and lukewarm water, as ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended due to the risk of damaging the stone or loosening the inclusions.
Bloodstone should also be kept away from acidic or abrasive substances, as these can alter its color or surface. It is best to store bloodstone separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching, and to avoid exposing it to direct sunlight for prolonged periods, as this can cause fading over time.
Conclusion
The March birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—offer a fascinating glimpse into the intersection of geology, history, and human culture. Aquamarine, with its calming blue hues and high durability, has become a symbol of peace, courage, and emotional clarity. Bloodstone, with its rich green color and red flecks, represents strength, vitality, and spiritual grounding.
Together, these two gemstones reflect the duality of March—a month that bridges the end of winter and the beginning of spring, symbolizing new beginnings, hope, and renewal. Whether worn as jewelry, carried as a talisman, or used in spiritual practices, aquamarine and bloodstone continue to inspire and connect people to the natural world and its ancient traditions.