November is unique among the calendar months in possessing two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While topaz holds a longer historical association with the month, citrine has gained prominence as a readily available and affordable alternative. Both gemstones offer a spectrum of appealing colors and are believed to carry calming energies, making them cherished choices for jewelry and personal adornment. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and current market considerations surrounding these November birthstones.
History and Lore
The story of November’s birthstones is one of evolution. Originally, topaz was the sole gemstone associated with those born in November, a tradition tracing back to ancient times. Some accounts suggest the name “topaz” originates from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” while others link it to the Greek topazos. Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer. From the 1300s through the 1600s, Europeans considered topaz capable of warding off magic spells and calming anger. In India, a long-held belief suggests wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
The inclusion of citrine as a November birthstone is a more recent development. The practice of assigning gemstones to specific months began with Biblical lists of twelve gemstones in the 1st and 5th centuries, with topaz initially designated for November. However, the formalized modern birthstone lists, as popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1870, continued to recognize topaz as the primary November gem. Citrine’s addition occurred later, likely due to its increasing availability and appealing color.
The month of November itself carries historical significance. Derived from the Latin novem (“nine”), as it was the ninth month in the Roman calendar, it was known as Blōtmōnaþ (“blood month”) by the Anglo-Saxons. Ancient Romans celebrated festivals during November, including the Plebeian Games, honoring Jupiter, and the winter solstice festival of Brumalia. Today, November is associated with themes of transition, unity, and gratitude, reflected in holidays like Thanksgiving and Veterans Day in the United States, All Saints’ Day, and the Mexican Day of the Dead.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is an aluminum silicate mineral containing fluorine and hydroxyl. It crystallizes in orthorhombic crystals and forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. The vast array of topaz colors – including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, and brown – are due to impurities and defects in the crystal structure. Red topaz is exceptionally rare. Many of the blue topaz specimens available today are created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A coating process also creates the rainbow effect seen in “Mystic Topaz.”
Citrine, on the other hand, is a variety of quartz, a widely abundant mineral composed of silicon and oxygen. Its yellow to burnt orange hues are a result of iron impurities. While naturally occurring citrine is rare, the majority of citrine on the market is produced by heat-treating smoky quartz, a common practice within the gem industry. This process transforms the smoky brown quartz into the desirable yellow and orange shades. Historically, all yellow to brownish-orange gemstones were often labeled as topaz, leading to confusion regarding the true identity of these stones.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of topaz and citrine differ significantly.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
- Specific Gravity: 3.49 – 3.57
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.544 – 1.553
- Specific Gravity: 2.65
The Mohs hardness scale demonstrates topaz’s greater durability (8) compared to citrine (7), making it more resistant to scratching. Topaz also exhibits a wider range of refractive indices, contributing to its brilliance.
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Trigonal |
| Specific Gravity | 3.49 – 3.57 | 2.65 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both topaz and citrine are associated with positive energies. Topaz is believed to promote calming energies, while citrine is thought to attract warmth and wealth. Historically, topaz was considered a stone of strength, capable of dispelling anger and thwarting magic. In India, it was believed to bestow long life, beauty, and intelligence when worn above the heart.
Citrine, often linked to the sun, is associated with joy, abundance, and positivity. It is sometimes referred to as the “merchant’s stone” due to the belief that it attracts prosperity. Citrine is also the traditional gemstone for the 13th wedding anniversary. Topaz, conversely, commemorates the 4th, 19th, and 23rd anniversaries.
Market Value and Considerations
Generally, both topaz and citrine are affordably priced birthstones, as good-quality gems are not as rare as many other gemstones. This accessibility makes them attractive options for a wide range of jewelry designs and budgets. However, value can vary significantly based on color, clarity, cut, and carat weight.
Imperial topaz, a rare orange-red variety, commands the highest prices within the topaz family. Blue topaz, while widely available due to treatment, also varies in price depending on the intensity and evenness of the color. Citrine’s value is primarily influenced by the depth and saturation of its yellow or orange hue. Darker, more saturated colors are generally more desirable.
When purchasing November birthstone jewelry, consumers have several options. Beyond the traditional yellow and orange citrine and blue topaz, alternative topaz colors like pink are available, often offering a similar aesthetic to more expensive gemstones like pink diamonds. The choice between topaz and citrine often comes down to personal preference, durability requirements, and budget considerations. Topaz offers greater durability and color diversity, while citrine is typically more affordable and available in larger sizes.
Care and Cleaning
Both topaz and citrine require relatively simple care to maintain their brilliance. Due to their hardness, they are reasonably resistant to scratching, but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, especially for treated topaz, as these can damage the coating or alter the color. Regular cleaning will help preserve the gemstone’s luster and beauty.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine represent a compelling pairing as November’s birthstones. While topaz boasts a longer history and greater hardness, citrine offers affordability and vibrant color. Both gemstones carry symbolic meanings of warmth, prosperity, and calming energy. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and market considerations allows enthusiasts and buyers to appreciate the unique qualities of these November treasures.