November is unique among the birthstone months, boasting not one, but two recognized gemstones: topaz and citrine. Both stones share a warm, inviting aesthetic, often displaying shades of yellow and orange, but their individual histories, geological origins, and subtle differences in properties contribute to their distinct appeal. This article will explore the fascinating world of these November birthstones, delving into their history, geological formation, gemological characteristics, symbolism, and care.
History and Lore
For many centuries, topaz held the sole designation as November’s birthstone. Ancient civilizations attributed various powers to this gem. The ancient Greeks believed topaz granted strength, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s thought it could ward off magic spells and quell anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was believed to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The very name “topaz” may originate from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos.
Citrine’s association with November is a more recent development. Until the early 1900s, any yellow to brownish-orange gemstone was generally considered topaz. However, with the increased availability of heat-treated blue topaz in the early 20th century, jewelers sought to offer consumers a more affordable alternative. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers officially added citrine to the list of November birthstones, ensuring a “sunny gem” remained accessible during periods of topaz scarcity. This decision was also strategically aligned with the dual nature of those born in November, falling under the zodiac signs of Scorpio and Sagittarius, both known for their creativity and unconventional approaches.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is an aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide, forming in igneous rocks and often found in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. Imperial topaz, the most valuable variety, exhibits a golden body with pink or peach undertones. While topaz is found in various locations globally, specific sources are not detailed in the provided materials.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, derives its color from iron content. It ranges from pale yellow to deep earthy orange. Natural citrine is relatively rare; most bright yellow citrine available today is created by heat-treating amethyst, a process that permanently alters the color without causing significant damage to the stone. Like topaz, specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine are considered durable enough for use in most jewelry. Topaz possesses a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively resistant to scratching. Citrine, being a quartz variety, also has good durability.
Here's a comparative table summarizing key gemological properties, based on the provided sources:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 7 |
| Color | Varied (yellow, orange, blue, pink, etc.) | Yellow to orange |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent |
| Treatment | Irradiation, heating, coating | Heat treatment (often) |
It’s important to note that much of the blue topaz on the market has been treated with irradiation and heating to achieve its color. “Mystic Topaz,” displaying a rainbow effect, is created by applying a thin artificial coating to colorless topaz. Prolonged exposure to heat and light can cause discoloration in brown and yellow topaz varieties. Light lemon shades of citrine can also lighten with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both topaz and citrine are associated with calming energies and warmth. Beyond the historical beliefs surrounding topaz – strength, protection from spells, and promoting longevity, beauty, and intelligence – both stones are now generally considered to bring fortune to the wearer.
The addition of citrine as a November birthstone is particularly relevant to those born under the sign of Sagittarius, whose Jupiter-dominated energy can sometimes be impulsive. Citrine is believed to help balance this energy, aligning individuals with their creative goals. The dual birthstone arrangement also reflects the creative and strategic nature of both Scorpios and Sagittarians.
Care and Cleaning
Both topaz and citrine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water. However, they should not be subjected to steam or ultrasonic cleaning. As noted, prolonged exposure to heat and light can affect the color of some topaz varieties, and light lemon citrine can fade with UV exposure, so storing jewelry out of direct sunlight is recommended when not worn.
Distinguishing Citrine from Imitations
The provided sources offer a simple test to determine the authenticity of citrine: swiping an acetone-damp cotton swab on the back of the stone. If the stone is dyed, the dye will bleed onto the swab, while a natural citrine will remain clean.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the dual birthstones of November, offer a rich tapestry of history, geological intrigue, and symbolic meaning. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to their modern association with warmth and fortune, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. The story of their shared designation as November’s birthstones reflects both a practical response to market conditions and a recognition of the diverse energies embodied by those born in the eleventh month. Whether one prefers the fiery brilliance of topaz or the sunny glow of citrine, these golden gems provide a beautiful and meaningful way to celebrate a November birthday.