March, a month symbolizing renewal and the arrival of spring, is uniquely represented by two official birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These gemstones, though contrasting in appearance, share a rich history rooted in ancient traditions, cultural symbolism, and gemological significance. While aquamarine is celebrated for its serene blue tones and association with the sea, bloodstone is revered for its deep green base and red inclusions, symbolizing vitality and courage. This article delves into the geological, historical, and cultural aspects of these dual birthstones, exploring their origins, properties, uses in jewelry, and enduring appeal across centuries.
Origins of March Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back to the 1st century AD, when early historians linked the 12 stones mentioned in biblical texts to the 12 months of the year and the 12 zodiac signs. This ancient connection laid the foundation for the birthstone tradition, which evolved over time as people began associating these stones with their own birth months. Initially, bloodstone was the sole representative of March. However, as gemological knowledge advanced and jewelry production expanded, aquamarine was added as a second official March birthstone.
Historically, the use of birthstones for personal identification was not common until the 1500s, when jewelers in Germany and Poland began producing jewelry featuring birthstones for their customers. By the 1800s, standardized birthstone lists were emerging, with notable contributions from jewelers like Tiffany & Co., which published a list of birthstone poems in 1870. These poems were attributed to an anonymous Gregorian author and helped solidify the modern birthstone associations.
The dual nature of March’s birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—reflects the duality of the month itself. March is associated with both the end of winter and the beginning of spring, and its zodiac signs—Pisces and Aries—represent the transition from water to fire. Aquamarine, with its water-like color and calming properties, aligns with Pisces, while bloodstone, with its vibrant red inclusions and energizing symbolism, resonates with Aries.
March Birthstone: Aquamarine
Geological Properties and Composition
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆. Its color, ranging from pale blue to deep blue-green, is due to the presence of iron (Fe³⁺). In its purest form, beryl is colorless, and the variation in color among its varieties is caused by trace elements. For example, emerald gets its green color from chromium or vanadium, while aquamarine derives its blue from iron.
Aquamarine is a relatively hard gemstone, ranking 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it durable enough for daily wear in jewelry. It is typically transparent, allowing for faceting, and is often cut into emerald, oval, or round shapes. The stone is also pleochroic, meaning that its color can appear slightly different depending on the angle from which it is viewed—sometimes appearing green, blue, or even colorless.
The clarity of aquamarine is generally high, as it is often free of inclusions, though some may contain small gas bubbles or minor fractures. The most valuable specimens are those with a sky-blue color, as this is the most desirable and rarest shade. Green-toned aquamarines were more popular in the 19th century, but the blue varieties are now more sought after.
Aquamarine is typically treated to enhance its color. This is done by heating the stone, which removes the green tint and intensifies the blue. Natural untreated aquamarine is rare and highly prized in the gem trade.
Mining and Sources
Aquamarine is found in granite pegmatites, which are igneous rock formations where large crystals can grow. Major sources include Brazil, Zambia, Madagascar, Nigeria, and Afghanistan. Brazil, in particular, is known for producing some of the finest and largest aquamarine specimens in the world. The Mozambique Aquamarine Mine, for example, has yielded massive crystals weighing hundreds of carats.
The availability of aquamarine has increased in recent decades due to the discovery of new deposits and advances in mining technology. However, large, high-quality stones remain rare and valuable.
Historical and Cultural Significance of Aquamarine
Aquamarine has been valued since ancient times, with Greek and Roman civilizations attributing mystical properties to it. The name “aquamarine” is derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (of the sea), reflecting its oceanic color and the belief that it could calm the seas and protect sailors. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that the stone was a gift from Poseidon, the god of the sea, and that carrying it would ensure safe passage across the oceans.
In medieval Europe, aquamarine was considered a stone of protection, particularly for those embarking on long journeys. It was also thought to bring happiness in marriage and to quickened the intellect. The 19th wedding anniversary is associated with aquamarine, symbolizing enduring love and the purity of the bond between partners.
The British royal family has a long history of using aquamarine in their jewelry. Queen Elizabeth II is famously associated with aquamarine, having worn a tiara featuring the gemstone at the Brazilian State Banquet in 2006. The stone also appears in other royal collections, including the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
In modern times, aquamarine is often used in fine jewelry, including rings, necklaces, and earrings. Its light color and clarity make it a popular choice for engagement rings, particularly when paired with white gold or platinum. It is also a popular designer gemstone, with many contemporary jewelers incorporating it into unique and elegant pieces.
Metaphysical and Symbolic Meanings
Aquamarine is associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. It is believed to help soothe anxiety and promote inner peace, making it a popular stone for meditation and stress relief. In New Age crystal healing, aquamarine is considered a stone of the throat chakra, helping to enhance communication and self-expression.
Symbolically, aquamarine represents hope, renewal, and the journey of life. It is often given as a gift to those undergoing transitions or challenges, serving as a reminder of the serenity and strength that can be found within. It is also associated with fidelity and loyalty, making it a meaningful choice for romantic jewelry.
March Birthstone: Bloodstone
Geological Properties and Composition
Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a chert or jade-like rock that is typically a deep green color with red inclusions that resemble drops of blood. The red spots are caused by iron oxide (hematite), while the green color comes from chromium or iron. Bloodstone is typically opaque, meaning it is not transparent, and is usually cut into cabochons rather than being faceted.
On the Mohs scale, bloodstone ranks 6.5 to 7, making it relatively hard and suitable for use in jewelry. However, it is more porous than aquamarine, so it requires careful cleaning and handling to avoid damage.
Bloodstone is found in various parts of the world, including India, Russia, Poland, and the United States. It is particularly associated with India, where it has been mined and used for centuries in jewelry and decorative objects.
Historical and Cultural Significance of Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a long and storied history, with ancient civilizations attributing powerful healing and protective properties to it. The name “bloodstone” comes from the red inclusions that resemble drops of blood, and it was believed that the stone contained the life force or essence of the body.
In ancient Egypt, bloodstone was used in amulets and talismans to protect warriors in battle. It was also used in medicinal practices, with healers believing that it could stimulate the circulatory system and promote physical strength.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was associated with St. Paul, who was said to have been cured of a deadly illness by the stone. It was also believed that holding a piece of bloodstone could stop bleeding, making it a popular healing stone among soldiers and healers.
Bloodstone is also a wedding anniversary gemstone, traditionally associated with the 14th anniversary. It symbolizes love, loyalty, and the strength of the bond between partners.
Metaphysical and Symbolic Meanings
Bloodstone is associated with physical vitality, courage, and grounding energy. It is believed to stimulate the blood and improve circulation, making it a popular stone for those suffering from anemia or fatigue. In New Age crystal healing, bloodstone is considered a stone of the root chakra, helping to ground the energy and promote physical well-being.
Symbolically, bloodstone represents strength, resilience, and the power to overcome adversity. It is often used as a stone of protection, particularly in times of physical or emotional stress. It is also associated with self-discipline and willpower, making it a useful stone for those seeking to achieve their goals or overcome challenges.
Care and Maintenance of March Birthstones
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a relatively hardy gemstone, but it should still be handled with care. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid, so acidic cleaning solutions should be avoided. The stone can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used, but only short sessions are recommended to avoid damage.
Aquamarine should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. It is not heat sensitive, but prolonged exposure to direct sunlight may cause the color to fade slightly.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is more porous than aquamarine, so it requires gentler handling. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth, avoiding abrasive cleaners or ultrasonic cleaners, which can cause micro-fractures or dull the surface.
Bloodstone should be stored in a soft pouch or box to prevent scratching or chipping. It should also be kept away from acidic substances, as it can be damaged by prolonged exposure.
Alternative March Birthstones
While aquamarine and bloodstone are the official March birthstones, there are alternative stones that can be considered for those who prefer different colors or styles.
Jade
In Tibetan astrology, jade is the mystical March birthstone. It represents wisdom, purity, and the sweetness of spring. Jade is a hard gemstone (6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale) and is often used in jade rings, pendants, and bracelets. It is also a popular feng shui stone, believed to bring good luck and prosperity.
Jasper
Jasper is another alternative to bloodstone. It is a terrestrial gemstone with rich, earthy tones and is often used in cabochon cuts. Jasper is believed to ground the energy and promote emotional balance.
Emerald
Emerald, the green variety of beryl, is also considered an alternative March birthstone. It represents new growth and vitality, making it a fitting symbol for the arrival of spring.
Conclusion
March, with its dual birthstones of aquamarine and bloodstone, offers a fascinating blend of oceanic serenity and terrestrial strength. Aquamarine, with its light blue color and calming properties, is a stone of hope, renewal, and emotional clarity. Bloodstone, with its deep green base and red inclusions, is a stone of vitality, courage, and grounding energy. Together, these gemstones reflect the duality of the month, representing both the end of winter and the beginning of spring.
Whether worn as jewelry, carried as a talisman, or used in meditation and healing practices, these stones have a rich history and enduring appeal. Their unique properties, symbolic meanings, and beautiful appearances continue to make them popular choices for those born in March.
Understanding the geological, historical, and cultural significance of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their beauty and power. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, the March birthstones offer a wealth of knowledge and inspiration.