December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – blue topaz, turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – each with a unique history, geological origin, and captivating beauty. For those born in the final month of the year, this selection offers a spectrum of blues and greens, alongside the potential for fiery reds and yellows in the case of zircon, allowing for a personalized connection to their birthstone. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of these four December gemstones, drawing upon available knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, though the specific assignments have evolved over time. Turquoise holds the longest documented history of association with December, having been prized by ancient civilizations for millennia. As early as 3000 BC, Chinese artisans carved turquoise, while the pharaohs of ancient Egypt adorned themselves with the stone, believing it possessed protective qualities. Native American cultures also deeply valued turquoise, attributing spiritual significance to its color and origin, with beliefs varying among tribes – the Pueblo linked its hue to the sky, the Hopi to lizards crawling across the land, and the Apache believed it enhanced accuracy when affixed to weapons.
Zircon also enjoys a long history, though its association with December is more recent. Turquoise was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and from the 13th century onward, it was thought to protect wearers from physical harm, even breaking into pieces to warn of impending disaster.
Tanzanite and blue topaz are relatively recent additions to the December birthstone family. Tanzanite, discovered in Tanzania in 1967, quickly gained popularity, initially as an alternative to sapphire, and now as a gemstone in its own right. Local Maasai tribespeople believed the brilliant blue stones would bring them an enriched life. Blue topaz, often created through irradiation of colorless topaz, became a favored modern choice for December birthdays.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these gemstones forms under distinct geological conditions. Turquoise, a copper aluminum phosphate, is typically found near water tables in semi-humid and dry environments where rock is present. The blue and green hues are derived from copper and iron content, respectively.
Zircon is found near sapphire sources in locations such as Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Its formation involves complex geological processes within igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Tanzanite’s unique origin is limited to a small geographic area in Tanzania, forming under specific metamorphic conditions. This rarity contributes to its value and desirability.
Blue topaz forms in igneous rocks and is found in various locations, though specific sources are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
The four December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties, influencing their appearance, durability, and care requirements.
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, ranging in color from blue to green, often displaying veined patterns due to the remnants of the host rock. The presence of a matrix, or rock fragment, can affect its value, with more uniform stones generally considered more precious.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, possessing a glass-like luster and deep cleavage. It ranges in color from dark inky blues (London Blue) to lighter shades (Swiss Blue and Sky Blue). Its chemical formula is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4. While relatively hard, its cleavage makes it somewhat delicate.
Tanzanite is noted for its pleochroism, displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. It is a relatively rare gemstone, second in popularity only to sapphire.
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness and can be heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. However, some heat-treated stones may revert to their original color with prolonged light exposure.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Opaque |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | Light to Dark Blue | 8 | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Not specified | Blue to Violet | Not specified | Transparent |
| Zircon | Not specified | Blue, Yellow, Red, etc. | 6-7.5 | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and to offer protection from harm. The Apache believed it improved accuracy when used with weaponry.
Tanzanite is associated with spiritual enlightenment and harmony or balance, stemming from the beliefs of the local Maasai people.
While specific metaphysical beliefs regarding blue topaz and zircon are not detailed in the provided sources, their vibrant colors and historical significance likely contributed to similar associations with positive energies and protective qualities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be protected from rough conditions. Blue topaz, while relatively hard, is susceptible to damage due to its cleavage. Turquoise, being a softer stone, requires gentle handling.
Cleaning can generally be performed with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended for zircon. Exposure to heat can alter the color of some zircon varieties, and prolonged light exposure may affect heat-treated stones.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite and the versatility of blue topaz, each stone offers a unique connection to the month of December. Their varied geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings contribute to their enduring allure, making them cherished possessions for those born under the winter solstice. The choice of which December birthstone to embrace is a personal one, reflecting individual preferences and a connection to the rich history and beauty of these remarkable gems.