Sapphire, the esteemed birthstone for September, has captivated humanity for millennia with its rich history, enduring symbolism, and breathtaking beauty. While most commonly recognized for its vibrant blue shades, sapphire actually encompasses a rainbow of colors, with red corundum being classified as ruby. Throughout history, this gemstone has been associated with royalty, nobility, and spiritual enlightenment, and continues to be a highly sought-after gem in the modern era. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of the September birthstone, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Sapphires boast a long and storied past, deeply interwoven with the beliefs and traditions of numerous cultures. Ancient civilizations held the gemstone in high regard, attributing to it protective qualities and associating it with the divine. In ancient Greece, people believed sapphires offered the wearer safety from harm, while others thought the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue hue. Similar beliefs existed in ancient Persia, where the sapphire was thought to be responsible for the color of the sky.
Throughout the Middle Ages, sapphire held a prominent place in both religious and secular life. Clergy wore blue sapphires as symbols of heaven, reflecting their devotion and spiritual authority. Medieval Europeans also believed in the sapphire’s healing powers, claiming it could cure plague boils and alleviate diseases of the eye, even serving as an antidote to poison. The stone’s association with nobility and faithfulness solidified its position as a symbol of royalty and virtue. For centuries, sapphire has adorned the jewelry of kings, queens, and other members of the elite, becoming a treasured heirloom passed down through generations.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the various colors seen in sapphires. While blue is the most well-known color, sapphires can also be found in shades of pink, yellow, green, purple, and even colorless.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. These regions were renowned for producing exceptional quality sapphires with vibrant colors and clarity. However, significant quantities of the gemstone have also been discovered in more recent times in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone, originated in Myanmar and was acquired from an Indian maharaja in 1934. Another famous example is the 12-carat blue sapphire surrounded by diamonds, initially worn by Princess Diana and later given to Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s enduring appeal stems not only from its beauty but also from its exceptional durability. As a variety of corundum, sapphire ranks 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. This high hardness makes it exceptionally resistant to scratching and abrasion, ideal for everyday wear.
While color is a primary factor in determining a sapphire’s value, clarity, cut, and carat weight also play crucial roles. The most prized sapphires exhibit a velvety blue or violet hue, commanding the highest price per carat. Sapphire occurs in every color except red, which is reserved for ruby.
Cleaning sapphires is generally straightforward. Warm, soapy water is a safe and effective method for maintaining their brilliance. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are typically safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated stones. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires require more delicate care, and should only be cleaned with a damp cloth.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gemstone for engagement rings and other significant jewelry pieces.
Beyond its symbolic associations, sapphire has also been attributed with metaphysical properties. Ancient cultures believed the gemstone possessed healing powers, capable of curing various ailments and protecting against harm. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they continue to resonate with some individuals who appreciate the gemstone’s perceived energetic qualities.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and prevent damage. As previously mentioned, warm, soapy water is a safe and effective cleaning method. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone’s surface. Regular cleaning will help to remove dirt and oils, allowing the sapphire to sparkle and shine. Fracture-filled sapphires require particularly gentle handling, as the fillings can be vulnerable to damage.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of royalty and protection to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and jewelry staple, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, diverse color palette, and rich history make it a truly remarkable gem, worthy of admiration and appreciation. The September birthstone remains a symbol of faithfulness, sincerity, and nobility, embodying a timeless elegance that transcends generations.