Tourmaline is recognized as a prominent October birthstone, alongside opal, offering a remarkable spectrum of colors that have captivated people for centuries. The name itself originates from the Sinhalese word toramalli, meaning “stone with mixed colors,” a fitting description for a gem often displaying multiple hues within a single crystal. This vibrant gemstone boasts a rich history, fascinating geological origins, and a diverse range of symbolic meanings, making it a cherished gem for both jewelry and collectors.
History and Lore
The story of tourmaline is one of mistaken identity. For many years, tourmaline was often confused with other gemstones due to its wide color range. As early as the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors encountered green tourmaline in Brazil and erroneously believed it to be emerald. Similarly, red tourmaline, known as rubellite, was once thought to be ruby, even finding its way into the Russian crown jewels under the guise of the latter. It wasn’t until the 19th century that scientists definitively recognized tourmaline as a distinct mineral species.
Even before its formal identification, tourmaline held significance in various cultures. In ancient Greece, opals were believed to bestow the gift of prophecy and protection from disease, while in ancient Rome, the gem was known as opalus. The last empress of the Chi’ing Dynasty in China was a passionate collector of tourmaline, particularly vivid pink and magenta varieties, and was even buried with a tourmaline pillow. Dutch merchants, encountering multicolored pebbles in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), applied the term toramalli to these finds, further cementing the gem’s unique identity. During the Middle Ages, opal was thought to bring the wearer luck, and in Victorian times, Queen Victoria treasured opals.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tourmaline is not found in a single, concentrated location but rather occurs in a variety of geological settings. Brazil is currently the most common source of tourmaline, but significant deposits are also found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Historically, California and Maine in the United States have also been important producers of fine tourmaline.
The gem forms in pegmatites, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks, as well as in metamorphic rocks and hydrothermal veins. The diverse chemical composition of the environment in which tourmaline forms is responsible for its incredible range of colors.
Gemological Properties
Tourmaline exhibits a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it generally suitable for everyday wear. This means it is durable enough to resist scratching from most common materials, but still requires care to avoid damage. The gem’s chemical composition is complex, involving boron, silicon, aluminum, and various other elements that contribute to its diverse coloration.
One of the most remarkable properties of some tourmaline varieties is piezoelectricity – the ability to generate an electrical charge when subjected to pressure. This characteristic has even been utilized in practical applications, such as pressure gauges for submarines.
Tourmaline’s color variations are extensive and often have specific trade names. These include:
- Rubellite: Pink, red, purplish-red, orangy-red, or brownish-red tourmaline.
- Indicolite: Dark violetish-blue, blue, or greenish-blue tourmaline.
- Paraíba Tourmaline: A rare, copper-bearing variety from Brazil, known for its intense violet-blue and blue-green hues.
- Watermelon Tourmaline: Gems displaying both pink and green hues.
The “play-of-color” phenomenon, where shifting rainbow hues are visible, is a characteristic of opals, but not tourmaline. Tourmaline’s beauty lies in its solid, vibrant colors.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7 – 7.5 |
| Chemical Formula | Complex borosilicate |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Cleavage | Imperfect |
| Specific Gravity | 3.06 – 3.98 (varies with composition) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, tourmaline has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is believed to increase understanding and empathy, while also warding off negative energy and emotion. Different colors of tourmaline are thought to possess unique healing properties: black tourmaline is believed to provide protection and self-confidence, while pink tourmaline embodies love, compassion, and gentleness, and green tourmaline promotes courage, strength, and stamina.
Tourmaline is also associated with specific occasions, such as the eighth wedding anniversary. The gem’s association with artistic expression stems from its diverse color palette, inspiring creativity and imagination.
Care and Cleaning
Tourmaline is generally stable and can withstand light and most chemicals. However, it is susceptible to damage from heat. To maintain its beauty, tourmaline jewelry should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they may damage the gemstone. Regular cleaning will help preserve the brilliance and vibrancy of this captivating birthstone.
Conclusion
Tourmaline, as an October birthstone, represents a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its initial confusion with other gems to its eventual recognition as a unique mineral species, tourmaline’s journey is a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. Its remarkable range of colors, coupled with its believed metaphysical properties, makes it a cherished gem for those born in October and a fascinating subject for gem enthusiasts and collectors alike.