December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise – offering a diverse selection of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings for those born in the final month of the year. While turquoise and zircon have traditionally held prominence as December birthstones, modern lists include the captivating tanzanite and the serene blue topaz, providing a spectrum of choices for personal preference and significance. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical lore, gemological properties, and cultural importance of these fascinating gemstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month dates back to ancient times, though the specific stones assigned to December have evolved. Turquoise, one of the oldest known birthstones, has been treasured for millennia, appearing in ancient Egyptian and Chinese artifacts. Its use extends to Indigenous cultures, where it continues to hold significant spiritual and cultural value, even being considered a “national treasure” in Tibet.
Zircon, equally steeped in history, is among the oldest minerals on Earth. Historically, it was associated with strength and protection. The name “topaz” originates from the Sanskrit word “tapas,” meaning fire, reflecting early associations with power and warmth.
Tanzanite is a more recent addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently in Tanzania. Its arrival on the scene broadened the options available to those seeking a December birthstone. The practice of wearing gemstones for their perceived benefits isn’t a recent trend; its roots are connected to ancient medieval times, with colored gems believed to bestow blessings upon their wearers.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are as varied as the stones themselves. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. It is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms as a byproduct of other geological processes.
Zircon is found in a wide range of igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, and even in alluvial deposits. Its widespread occurrence reflects its ancient origins and resilience. Topaz is typically found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, often associated with granite and rhyolite formations. Blue topaz, a popular December birthstone, is frequently created through heat treatment of colorless topaz, as naturally occurring blue topaz is rare.
Tanzanite’s unique geological story is tied to its singular origin. This gemstone is found in only one area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a remarkably localized and prized gem. This limited source contributes to its value and desirability.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and appeal.
Turquoise: This opaque gemstone ranges in color from sky-blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix (veins of other minerals) visible within the stone.
Zircon: Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors. It exhibits strong double refraction, contributing to its sparkle.
Topaz: Topaz is known for its hardness and clarity. Blue topaz, the most common variety associated with December, displays a range of blue shades, from light sky-blue to deep London Blue.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is prized for its unique trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. It is often described as “velvety” due to its deep, saturated color.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Blue, greenish-blue | 5-6 | Opaque |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Colorless, brown, blue, red | 6.5-7.5 | Transparent |
| Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | Colorless, blue, yellow, pink | 8 | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue, violet, burgundy | 6-7 | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise is often associated with success, happiness, and prosperity. It is believed to protect against negative energy and bring good fortune.
Zircon is thought to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Blue topaz symbolizes calmness, love, and fidelity, making it a popular choice for romantic gifts. Tanzanite is believed to enhance intuition and vitality.
The metaphysical properties attributed to these stones vary across cultures and belief systems, but they consistently represent positive attributes and spiritual connections.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise, being a relatively soft stone, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Zircon and topaz are more durable, with hardness ratings of 6.5-7.5 and 8 respectively. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. However, avoid sudden temperature changes, as this can cause fractures.
Tanzanite is also relatively durable but can be brittle. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, and avoid ultrasonic cleaners. Due to its sensitivity to heat, avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time.